Trophic Levels in Ecosystems

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Tertiary Consumers

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Top level carnivores

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Number of different species in an ecosystem

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More species lead to more energy paths and greater ecosystem resilience.

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Genetic diversity within species

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Genetic diversity is a type of biodiversity, exemplified by farmers growing one variety of corn when many are available.

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Energy Availability for Top Carnivores

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Few top-level carnivores exist because little energy is left for them.

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Energy Pyramid Diagram

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Illustrates the decreasing energy available at each trophic level.

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It takes 12 kg of grain to produce 1 kg of beef, making vegetarianism more efficient.

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Vegetarian diets require less energy input compared to meat production.

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Overall rate of biomass production

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Gross primary productivity (GPP)

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Light as an Abiotic Component

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Affects the growth and development of plants in an ecosystem.

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Air in Soil

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Provides oxygen for roots and soil organisms, essential for respiration.

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A Horizon

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Primarily organic mixed into mineral matter; mixed humus gives it a dark color