AP - Unit 2 (ALL)

Which subcellular structure synthesizes proteins destined for secretion out of the cell?

• Free ribosomes
• Ribosomes bound to rough ER
• Smooth ER
• Lysosomes
• Mitochondria

Answer explanation

Ribosomes on rough ER make secreted proteins.

A newly made secretory protein follows which most accurate path?

• Ribosome → nucleus → Golgi → membrane
• Rough ER → Golgi → vesicle → plasma membrane
• Smooth ER → mitochondrion → lysosome → membrane
• Ribosome → chloroplast → Golgi → membrane
• Cytosol → peroxisome → membrane

Answer explanation

Secreted proteins move ER→Golgi→vesicles→membrane.

Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion?

• Mitochondrion
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosome
• Peroxisome
• Chloroplast

Answer explanation

Lysosomes digest materials with hydrolytic enzymes.

In plant cells, which structure maintains turgor pressure via water storage?

• Central vacuole
• Rough ER
• Peroxisome
• Nucleolus
• Smooth ER

Answer explanation

Central vacuole stores water and maintains turgor.

Which feature is found in ALL cells and reflects common ancestry?

• Nucleus
• Chloroplast
• Ribosomes
• Mitochondria
• Golgi stacks

Answer explanation

All cells have ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Which best explains why cells are typically small?

• Larger cells have higher SA:V
• Larger cells exchange materials faster
• Small cells maintain favorable SA:V ratios
• SA:V has no impact on exchange
• Small cells reduce DNA needs

Answer explanation

High SA:V improves exchange with environment.

Which modification increases membrane surface area for reactions?

• Spherical shape
• Cristaefolds in mitochondria
• Thicker membranes
• Fewer membranes
• Smoother inner membrane

Answer explanation

Cristae increase inner membrane surface area.

Which cube has the highest surface area-to-volume ratio?

• 1×1×1
• 2×2×2
• 3×3×3
• 4×4×4
• They are equal

Answer explanation

Smaller cubes have higher SA:V.

As a cell grows larger, its surface area-to-volume ratio…

• Increases
• Decreases
• Stays the same
• Fluctuates randomly
• Becomes infinite

Answer explanation

SA:V decreases as size increases.

A microvillus-covered epithelial cell primarily benefits from…

• Reduced transport
• More DNA
• More membrane surface area
• Lower metabolism
• Stronger walls

Answer explanation

Microvilli increase surface area.