IT Concepts for Grade 13 Students

What is a stack and how does it differ from a queue?

• A stack is a type of tree structure, while a queue is a linear structure.

• A stack follows LIFO, while a queue follows FIFO.

• A stack follows FIFO, while a queue follows LIFO.

• A stack can be accessed randomly, while a queue cannot.

Explain the concept of a linked list and its advantages.

• A linked list is primarily used for storing large binary files efficiently.

• A linked list is a static data structure that requires fixed memory allocation.

• A linked list is a type of array that allows random access to elements.

• A linked list is a dynamic data structure that allows efficient insertion and deletion of elements, with advantages such as dynamic sizing and ease of element manipulation.

What are the main differences between arrays and linked lists?

• Arrays require sequential access; Linked lists allow random access and have a fixed size.

• Arrays are dynamic and allow sequential access; Linked lists have fixed size and allow random access.

• Main differences: Arrays have fixed size and allow random access; Linked lists are dynamic and require sequential access.

• Arrays can grow in size dynamically; Linked lists have a fixed size and allow random access.

Define a binary tree and its properties.

• A binary tree is a linear data structure with a single child per node.

• A binary tree is a data structure where each node can have any number of children.

• A binary tree is a data structure where each node has at most two children.

• A binary tree is a type of graph that can have multiple roots.

What is normalization in database management?

• Normalization is a method for encrypting database information.

• Normalization refers to the physical storage of data on disk drives.

• Normalization in database management is the process of structuring a database to minimize redundancy and dependency by organizing fields and table relationships.

• Normalization is the process of increasing redundancy in a database.

Explain the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases.

• SQL databases are relational and structured, while NoSQL databases are non-relational and flexible.

• SQL databases use JSON format, while NoSQL databases use XML format.

• SQL databases are designed for unstructured data, while NoSQL databases are for structured data.

• SQL databases are non-relational and flexible, while NoSQL databases are relational and structured.

What is a primary key in a database?

• A primary key is a unique identifier for a record in a database.

• A primary key can be duplicated across records.

• A primary key is used to store large text data.

• A primary key is a type of foreign key.

Describe the purpose of an index in a database.

• To create backups of the database.

• The purpose of an index in a database is to enhance the speed of data retrieval.

• To enforce data integrity constraints.

• To store data permanently in the database.

What is the time complexity of searching in a balanced binary search tree?

• O(log n)

• O(n)

• O(1)

• O(n log n)

What are the ACID properties in database transactions?

• Atomicity, Concurrency, Isolation, Durability

• Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability

• Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Accessibility

• Atomicity, Consistency, Integrity, Durability