Functionalism and Subcultural Explanations

What concept did Robert Merton add to Durkheim's theory of anomie?

• Strain theory

• Cultural goals

• Deviance

• Socialization

What are the five ways individuals respond to cultural goals?

• Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion

• Acceptance, Rejection, Adaptation, Innovation, Conformity

• Goals, Means, Deviance, Socialization, Rebellion

• Cultural goals, Social norms, Deviance, Adaptation, Innovation

What criticism is made about Merton's theory regarding gender?

• It is sexist as women also have cultural pressures

• It ignores the role of education

• It overemphasizes financial success

• It does not consider subcultures

What did Albert Cohen suggest about lower-class males?

• They accept society's norms

• They reject all societal norms

• They are respected by society

• They have equal access to opportunities

What is a characteristic of subcultures according to the text?

• They set their own norms and values

• They completely reject all societal norms

• They are always violent

• They have no peer support

What did Miller argue about some communities?

• They exist as subcultures of their own

• They fully integrate into mainstream culture

• They reject all forms of deviance

• They are always successful

What did Matza's research imply about youths?

• They drift into delinquency without commitment

• They fully embrace societal values

• They are always part of a subculture

• They reject all forms of deviance

What types of subcultures did Cloward and Ohlin identify?

• Criminal, conflict, and retreatist

• Innovative, deviant, and conformist

• Cultural, social, and economic

• Mainstream, subcultural, and countercultural

According to Robert Merton’s strain theory, what influences human desires?

b) Cultural influences
c) Personal ambitions
d) Social class

• a) Biological instincts

• cultural influences

• personal ambitions

• social class

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Merton’s strain theory?

• a) It assumes only males face pressure to achieve cultural goals

• b) It ignores subcultures that reject European-based success standards

• c) It assumes financial gain is the only measure of success

• d) It fully explains why all individuals commit deviant acts