IDR9 Quiz

Hypoplasia

• Complete lack of development during foetal growth
  

• Underdevelopment of an organ / structure due to reduced cell proliferation

• Decrease in size of a tissue / organ due to loss of cells or dec. cell size

• Increase in size of a cell / organ due to increase in intracellular components

Dysplasia

• • Malignant neoplasm that is poorly differentiated

• Increase in the number of cells in an organ

• Replacement of one mature cell type with a different mature cell type

• Disordered and abnormal growth

T1, T2, T3, T4

• 
  Spread to the surface of the organ and related structures
  

• carcinoma in situ
  

• no signs of tumour
  

• size and/or extension of the primary tumour (Depending on the cancer)

• Spread within an organ,
  

N1

• 0. tumour cells absent from regional lymph nodes

• 0. tumour spread to more distant or numerous regional lymph nodes

• 0. regional lymph node metastasis present (closest or small number of regional nodes)

• 0. tumour spread to an extent between N1 and N3 (N2 is not used at all sites)

Stage 2 Cancer

• Cancer is in situ with no spread (and not invasive)
  

• Cancer has grown larger and spread more deeply into nearby tissues

• Cancer is small, though invasive, but has not grown deeply into nearby tissues. There is

  no lymphatic or metastatic spread
  

• Cancer has spread to lymph nodes
  

• Cancer has metastasised to other organs / parts of the body

0. Cancer cachexia

• • signs/symptoms in cancer patients that cannot be readily explained by the

    anatomical distribution of the tumour or the hormones of indigenous tumour tissue

• Signaling used when endocrine tissue is associated with cancer

• physical impingement of cancer mass on local tissue, causing damage or

  impairing function. This is possible in both benign and malignant tumours
  

• • A hyper-catabolic, hyper-metabolic state characteristic of more advanced cancer, defined as a

    loss of muscle mass (with/without fat) that cannot be explained simply by diminished food intake.

Which of the below isn't a stage of tumour invasion

• Loosening of cell-cell contacts

• • Degradation of the ECM

• Barclay protomorphosis syndrome

• • Attachment to novel ECM components
    

• • Migration of tumour cells

• Passenger mutations refer to

• • phenotypically inconsequential mutations that occur along with

    driver mutations as a result of the worsening genomic instability

• 1. Mutations that only affect the passengers in a vehicle, like changing the color of the seats or adding cup holders.

• 1. Mutations that occur in individuals who frequently travel by plane or other means of transportation, resulting in enhanced travel abilities.

• 1. Mutations that occur when someone sits in a passenger seat for too long, causing changes in their body structure.

• 1. Mutations that affect fictional characters who are passengers in movies, books, or video games, altering their abilities or appearance.

Which factors can genetic mutations can be inherited or acquired through? (Multiple answers)

• Direct genetic inheritance
  

• Environmental Carcinogens

• 0. Radiation exposure

• 0. Infective agents

• 0. Disorders of chronic inflammation

Who is David's Favourite group?

• Our Group

• PBL2

• PBL5