Chapter 1.0 Motivation in Managerial Sciences

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What is motivation in managerial sciences?

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Motivation is conceptualized as the composite force that initiates, directs, and sustains effort toward goal accomplishment.

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What determines job performance according to the text?

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Job performance is a multiplicative function of motivation × ability × situational constraints.

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What are the three dimensions of effort analyzed in the text?

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Initiation (how much one chooses to exert initially), direction (to which tasks that effort is allocated), and persistence (the temporal endurance of that exertion).

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What is the basic work-motivation model described in the text?

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Employees exert effort because they expect performance to lead to outcomes capable of satisfying salient needs, shaped by extrinsic rewards (pay, promotions, benefits) and intrinsic rewards (autonomy, accomplishment, mastery).

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What is equity theory in work motivation?

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Equity theory interprets work motivation through social comparison and perceptions of fairness, where employees compare their input/outcome ratio to referent others.

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What are distributive justice and procedural justice?

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Distributive justice is the fairness of outcomes, while procedural justice is the fairness of the processes by which those outcomes are decided.

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What is expectancy theory in motivation?

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Expectancy theory frames motivation as a rational, expectancy-driven calculus involving valence, expectancy, and instrumentality.

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What happens if any element of expectancy theory is null?

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If any element (valence, expectancy, instrumentality) is null, effort collapses.

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How can managers enhance motivation according to expectancy theory?

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Managers can raise valence by tailoring rewards, strengthen expectancy by ensuring adequate training and resources, and enhance instrumentality by reliably linking performance to valued outcomes.

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What is reinforcement theory?

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Reinforcement theory posits that behavior frequency is a direct function of its consequences, with positive reinforcement and well-designed schedules sustaining desired behaviors.