IB Environmental Systems & Societies - Topic 4 Exam Study Guide

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What is organic pollution?

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Organic pollution refers to the presence of organic substances in water bodies, often resulting from agricultural runoff, sewage discharge, or industrial waste, which can lead to harmful effects on aquatic life.

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What is an indirect measure of organic pollution?

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Monitoring oxygen levels in water bodies is an indirect measure of organic pollution, as high levels of organic matter can deplete oxygen, affecting aquatic organisms.

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What is the predicted trend in global water scarcity from 1995 to 2025?

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The general pattern predicted is an increase in water scarcity.

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What are two human influences on water scarcity not related to climate change?

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Industrial pollution and agricultural runoff are two human influences that may cause changes in water scarcity.

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How does urbanization affect the hydrological cycle?

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Urbanization can lead to increased surface runoff, decreased infiltration, and altered precipitation patterns.

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Which process is NOT influenced by urbanization in the hydrological cycle?

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Enhanced groundwater recharge is NOT influenced by urbanization.

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What is the formula to calculate percentage decrease?

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Percentage decrease = ((Old Value - New Value) / Old Value) x 100.

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What was the percentage decrease in mean daily water use per person between 1990 and 2020?

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The percentage decrease was 20%.

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Define 'surface runoff'.

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Surface runoff is the flow of water that occurs when excess rainwater, meltwater, or other sources flows over the earth's surface.

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What is the impact of agricultural runoff on water bodies?

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Agricultural runoff can introduce excess nutrients, leading to eutrophication and harmful algal blooms in water bodies.