William McIntosh and the Creek Nation

William McIntosh, born to a Scottish father and Creek Indian mother, navigated both cultures, becoming a prominent figure in Georgia. He was a successful businessman and politically connected, but his loyalty to the U.S. led to controversial treaties ceding Creek lands. His actions, seen as betrayal by the Creeks, led to his execution. By 1827, Creek land claims in Georgia were extinguished, and most Creeks were relocated to Oklahoma.

What was the significant challenge William McIntosh faced due to his mixed heritage?

• Learning to speak multiple languages

• Choosing between living in Savannah or Coweta

• Deciding whether to become a businessman or a politician

• Balancing the demands of both Scottish and Creek cultures

How did McIntosh's connections with Georgian families influence his life?

• They shaped his political views

• They encouraged him to move to Savannah

• They helped him become a Creek chief

• They led him to become a U.S. Indian agent

What role did McIntosh play in the Creek Nation's relationship with the United States?

• He supported U.S. Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins

• He led the Upper Creeks against the U.S.

• He opposed U.S. expansion

• He remained neutral in political matters

What was the outcome of the civil war between Upper and Lower Creeks?

• The Upper Creeks gained more land

• The Creek Nation became independent

• The Lower Creeks were defeated

• Both sides ceded land to the U.S.

What was the significance of the first Treaty of Indian Springs?

• It expanded Creek lands

• It ceded Creek lands to whites

• It was rejected by the U.S. government

• It united the Upper and Lower Creeks

How did McIntosh benefit personally from the first Treaty of Indian Springs?

• He received a government position

• He was given a thousand acres of land

• He gained control over the Creek Nation

• He was awarded a large sum of money

What led to McIntosh's downfall after the second Treaty of Indian Springs?

• He lost support from the U.S. government

• He was executed by Creek warriors

• He was exiled to Oklahoma

• He was imprisoned by the Creek Nation

What was the Creek law that McIntosh once supported?

• Creek leaders should never negotiate with whites

• Creek leaders must always support the U.S. government

• Creek leaders must live in Georgia

• Any Creek leader who ceded land without full support would be executed

What happened to the Creek claims to land in Georgia by the end of 1827?

• They were expanded

• They were extinguished

• They were disputed in court

• They were recognized by the U.S.

Where were most Creeks relocated after losing their land in Georgia?

• Florida

• Texas

• Alabama

• Oklahoma