How Much Junk Is in Your DNA Trunk?

The video explores the concept of junk DNA, which comprises the majority of the human genome. It discusses the debate over whether non-coding DNA is functional or not, highlighting the role of transcription factors and non-coding RNAs. The ENCODE project claimed that 80% of the genome is functional, but this was criticized for being too generous. Evolutionary biology offers a broader perspective, noting that genome size varies widely among species. Population genetics studies suggest a smaller percentage of the genome is functional, challenging ENCODE's findings. The video concludes that understanding genome functionality is complex and ongoing.

What percentage of the human genome is made up of genes that code for proteins?

• 10% to 20%

• 80% to 90%

• 1% to 2%

• 50% to 60%

What is the primary function of transcription factors in cells?

• To replicate DNA

• To increase or decrease the transcription of genes

• To destroy non-coding DNA

• To convert RNA into proteins

What was the main claim of the ENCODE project regarding the human genome?

• 50% of the genome is functional

• 80% of the genome is functional

• Only coding DNA is functional

• All non-coding DNA is junk

Why do some biologists criticize the ENCODE project's definition of 'functional' DNA?

• It ignored coding DNA

• It only considered viral DNA

• It was too generous

• It was too strict

Which organism is mentioned as having more DNA than humans?

• Puffer fish

• Frogs

• Onions

• Bacteria

What are pseudogenes?

• Functional genes

• Duplicated genes that have lost function

• Genes that code for proteins

• Genes that are always active

What is a transposon?

• A coding region of DNA

• A type of RNA

• A segment of DNA that can move within the genome

• A type of protein

What did the 2017 study suggest about the upper limit of functional DNA in the human genome?

• 10%

• 80%

• 50%

• 25%

According to the 2014 study, what percentage of the human genome is functional?

• 8.2%

• 15%

• 80%

• 25%

Why is it challenging to estimate the amount of nonfunctional DNA in the genome?

• Because all DNA is functional

• Due to repetitive elements

• Due to lack of sequencing technology

• Because of the high mutation rate