Ch 8

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is __________.

• trust versus mistrust

• autonomy versus shame and doubt

• industry versus inferiority

• initiative versus guilt

__________ fosters a more positive, coherent early self-concept.

• A warm, sensitive parent–child relationship

• Authoritarian parenting

• Strong identification with the other-sex parent

• Permissive parenting

By __________, children can set aside their current state of mind and take a future perspective.

• the end of the first year

• age 2

• age 3

• the end of the preschool years

Self-__________ evaluations are among the most important aspects of self-development because they affect our emotional experiences, future behavior, and long-term psychological adjustment.

• awareness

• esteem

• control

• talk

__________ contributes to preschoolers’ improved emotional self-regulation.

• Family size

• Language

• Authoritarian child rearing

• Permissive child rearing

Four-year-old Harry suffers from physical abuse at home. When his playmates at the child-care center become distressed, Harry probably __________.

• reacts with sensitive concern

• shows empathy

• shows sympathy

• withdraws

According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are __________ and __________ play.

• parallel; nonsocial

• nonsocial; associative

• associative; cooperative

• cooperative; parallel

Perhaps because __________ play is inconsistent with the “masculine” gender role, boys who engage in it are at risk for negative reactions from both parents and peers.

• functional

• sociodramatic

• quiet

• constructive

Freud believed that moral development is largely complete by __________ years of age.

• 8 to 10

• 5 to 6

• 3 to 4

• 1 to 2

Preschoolers are more likely to copy the prosocial actions of __________.

• younger peers

• warm adults

• distant adults

• less powerful models