Unit 0 and 1 Study Guide: Fundamental Biology and

The types of evidence that support the scientific theory that life on earth had a common ancestor and all life forms evolved over a long period of time include:

• Fossil records, genetic similarities, and comparative anatomy

• Weather patterns and climate change

• The phases of the moon and tides

• The position of stars and constellations

Answer explanation

Fossil records, genetic similarities, and comparative anatomy provide strong evidence for common ancestry and evolution, showing how different life forms are related and have changed over time.

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In a phylogeny, a dichotomy (aka branch point) represents what event?

• A speciation event

• A mutation in a gene

• The extinction of a species

• The formation of a fossil

Answer explanation

In a phylogeny, a dichotomy indicates a speciation event, where a single lineage splits into two distinct lineages, representing the divergence of species.

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3. Taxa B and C are more closely related than taxa A and B because:

• they share a more recent common ancestor.

• they have identical physical characteristics.

• they evolved at the same time as taxa A.

• they are found in the same habitat.

Answer explanation

Taxa B and C are more closely related than taxa A and B because they share a more recent common ancestor, indicating a closer evolutionary relationship.

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4. The horizontal phylogeny below illustrates the evolutionary relationships among the major domains of life. Fill in the blanks on the phylogeny where the following terms/events occur:

a

b

c

d

e

f

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Endosymbiosis of Mitochondria

Endosymbiosis of Chloroplasts

Bacteria

Eukarya

Archaea

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Evidence from the phylogeny shows that the domain Archaea (prokaryotic) is more closely related to which domain?

• Domain Eukarya

• Domain Bacteria

• Domain Plantae

• Domain Animalia

Answer explanation

Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Archaea and Eukarya share a more recent common ancestor than Archaea and Bacteria, making Domain Eukarya the closest related domain to Archaea.

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The phylogeny shows that all eukaryotes have mitochondria because:

• all branches of eukaryotes originate from a common ancestor with mitochondria.

• some eukaryotes lack mitochondria in the phylogeny.

• mitochondria are only present in animal lineages.

• the phylogeny does not show mitochondria in any group.

Answer explanation

The correct choice is that all branches of eukaryotes originate from a common ancestor with mitochondria, indicating that mitochondria are a fundamental feature of all eukaryotic lineages.

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What is the Ribosome structure in Plants and Animals?

• 80 S

• 70 S

• 60 S

• 90 S

Answer explanation

Ribosomes in both plants and animals are classified as 80 S, which indicates their size in Svedberg units. This structure is essential for protein synthesis, distinguishing them from prokaryotic ribosomes, which are 70 S.

What is the Location of respiration in Bacteria, Plants, and Animals?

• Bacteria: Cytoplasm; Plants: Mitochondria; Animals: Mitochondria

• Bacteria: Nucleus; Plants: Chloroplast; Animals: Cytoplasm

• Bacteria: Mitochondria; Plants: Cytoplasm; Animals: Nucleus

• Bacteria: Chloroplast; Plants: Nucleus; Animals: Cytoplasm

Answer explanation

Respiration in bacteria occurs in the cytoplasm, while in plants and animals, it takes place in the mitochondria. Thus, the correct answer is: Bacteria: Cytoplasm; Plants: Mitochondria; Animals: Mitochondria.

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Are Bacteria and Animals capable of photosynthesis?

• No

• Yes, both are capable

• Only Animals are capable

• Some bacteria are capable, but not animals

Answer explanation

Some bacteria, like cyanobacteria, can perform photosynthesis, while animals cannot. Therefore, the correct answer is that some bacteria are capable, but not animals.

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What is the Presence of chloroplasts in Bacteria, Plants, and Animals?

• Bacteria: No; Plants: Yes; Animals: No

• Bacteria: Yes; Plants: Yes; Animals: No

• Bacteria: No; Plants: No; Animals: Yes

• Bacteria: Yes; Plants: No; Animals: Yes

Answer explanation

Chloroplasts are organelles responsible for photosynthesis. They are present in plants, allowing them to convert sunlight into energy. Bacteria and animals do not have chloroplasts, making the correct answer: Bacteria: No; Plants: Yes; Animals: No.

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