Cardiology

The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is:

• Angina pectoris

• Ischemia

• Myocardial infarct

• Pericarditis

Blood is carried to capillaries in the myocardium by way of:

• Coronary veins

• The coronary sinus

• The fossa ovalis

• Coronary arteries

Which of the following is NOT an age-related change affecting the heart?

• Fibrosis of cardiac muscle

• Atherosclerosis

• Thinning of the valve flaps

• Decline in cardiac reserve

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?

• Cold, clammy skin

• Increased heart rate

• Rapidly falling blood pressure

• Rapid, thready pulse

Secondary hypertension can be caused by:

• Arteriosclerosis

• Obesity

• Stress

• Smoking

Stenosis of the mitral valve may initially cause a pressure increase in the:

• Venae cavae

• Left ventricle

• Coronary circulation

• Pulmonary circulation

Which of the following is the most common form of vasculitis in the elderly?

• Takayasu arteritis

• Churg-Strauss syndrome

• Kawasaki disease

• Henoch-Schönlein purpura

• Temporal (giant cell) arteritis

Stable angina, the most common form of angina pectoris, is caused by:

• Stenosis of coronary arteries

• Ruptured atheromas

• Thrombi overlying partially ruptured atheromas

• Lipid-rich atheromas

• No pathologic changes in the coronary arteries

Which marker of myocardial necrosis is elevated first in the blood of a patient with a myocardial infarction?

• Creatine kinase

• Aspartate aminotransferase

• Lactate dehydrogenase

• Creatine kinase M-B fraction

• Troponin T

The most common cause of sudden cardiac death, defined as occurring within 1 hour after onset of the first symptoms, in 50-year-old men is:

• Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease

• Cardiomyopathy

• Mitral valve prolapse

• Aortic valve stenosis

• Hypertensive heart disease