Urinary system

The organs that constitute the urinary system are:

• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

• Liver, pancreas, stomach, intestines

• Heart, lungs, brain, spinal cord

• Bones, muscles, skin, hair

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS1-3

The location, coverings, and external gross anatomy of the kidney are best described as:

• Retroperitoneal position, covered by renal fascia, perirenal fat, and renal capsule, with a bean-shaped external appearance featuring a hilum on the medial border.

• Intraperitoneal position, covered only by peritoneum, with a triangular external appearance and no hilum.

• Located in the pelvic cavity, covered by mucosa, with a round external appearance and a central depression.

• Located in the thoracic cavity, covered by pleura, with a lobulated external appearance and no hilum.

Describe kidney anatomy and the location of nephrons. Urine pathway.

• Kidneys contain nephrons mainly in the cortex and medulla; urine flows from nephrons to collecting ducts, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra.

• Kidneys contain nephrons only in the cortex; urine flows directly from nephrons to the urethra.

• Nephrons are found only in the renal pelvis; urine flows from nephrons to the bladder and then to the cortex.

• Kidneys have no nephrons; urine is produced in the bladder and exits through the ureter.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-2

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

Which of the following best describes the location and functions of arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries surrounding the nephron, as well as the roles of the afferent and efferent arterioles and peritubular capillaries?

• Arteries branch into arterioles, which supply blood to the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole; blood exits through the efferent arteriole, which forms peritubular capillaries and vasa recta around the nephron for reabsorption and secretion, and then drains into venules and veins.

• Arteries directly supply blood to the nephron tubules, and veins collect blood from the glomerulus only.

• Arterioles and venules have no role in nephron blood supply; only capillaries are involved.

• Veins supply blood to the nephron, and arteries collect blood from the nephron.

Which portions of the nephron include the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule, and what is the role of each segment in urine formation?

• Renal corpuscle: filtration; Proximal convoluted tubule: reabsorption; Loop of Henle: concentration of urine; Distal convoluted tubule: secretion and further reabsorption.

• Renal corpuscle: secretion; Proximal convoluted tubule: filtration; Loop of Henle: reabsorption; Distal convoluted tubule: concentration of urine.

• Renal corpuscle: reabsorption; Proximal convoluted tubule: secretion; Loop of Henle: filtration; Distal convoluted tubule: concentration of urine.

• Renal corpuscle: concentration of urine; Proximal convoluted tubule: secretion; Loop of Henle: filtration; Distal convoluted tubule: reabsorption.

Which of the following lists the required steps for urine formation in the correct order?

• Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

• Tubular reabsorption, glomerular filtration, tubular secretion

• Tubular secretion, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption

• Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption

Correlate the histology with the function in terms of the kind of epithelia present in each segment of the nephron. The presence of a brush border with abundant microvilli is characteristic of which nephron segment?

• Proximal convoluted tubule

• Distal convoluted tubule

• Collecting duct

• Loop of Henle

Which of the following best describes the hormonal control of nephron function and its correlation with cardiovascular effects: role of renin, angiotensin II, and antidiuretic hormone?

• Renin increases blood pressure by vasodilation, angiotensin II decreases sodium reabsorption, and ADH reduces water reabsorption.

• Renin initiates the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, and ADH increases water reabsorption, all contributing to cardiovascular homeostasis.

• Renin decreases blood pressure, angiotensin II promotes diuresis, and ADH increases sodium excretion.

• Renin, angiotensin II, and ADH have no effect on nephron function or the cardiovascular system.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

Which of the following best describes the location, histology, and function of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, including the correlation of epithelial type with location and function, and the distinction of epithelia, muscle pattern organization, and connective tissue present in these organs?

• Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are lined by transitional epithelium, have a muscular wall, and connective tissue; transitional epithelium allows for distension and protection.

• Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are lined by simple squamous epithelium, have no muscle layer, and lack connective tissue; simple squamous epithelium allows for rapid diffusion.

• Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are lined by stratified squamous epithelium, have only connective tissue, and no muscle; stratified squamous epithelium provides waterproofing.

• Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, have a thick serosa, and no muscle; pseudostratified columnar epithelium aids in secretion.

Micturition is controlled by which branches of the nervous system, and how do somatic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nerves contribute to its voluntary and involuntary regulation?

• Only the somatic nervous system controls micturition voluntarily and involuntarily.

• Parasympathetic nerves mediate involuntary bladder contraction, sympathetic nerves promote storage, and somatic nerves allow voluntary control of the external sphincter.

• Sympathetic nerves are responsible for both voluntary and involuntary control of micturition.

• Only parasympathetic nerves are involved in micturition control.