Pretest Divisi Vitreoretina Topik AMD

What is the changes happen in macular aging?

• Increased density and redistribution of photoreceptors

• Accumulation of basal laminar and basal linear deposits that may develop into soft drusen

• Changes in RPE ultrastructure, including reduced melanin formation and accumulation of lipofuscin and residual bodies

• Thickening of Bruch’s membrane and decreased choriocapillaris perfusion

What is the correct statement regarding the types and characteristics of drusen?

• Cuticular drusen are always benign and do not affect the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

• Hard drusen are typically <63 µm, small, discrete, and less associated with advanced AMD

• Soft drusen are usually >63 µm in size and may appear as sub-RPE fluid on OCT

• Hard drusen are usually >63 µm in size and may appear as fluid under the RPE on OCT

What is the correct classification of AMD according to the AREDS criteria?

• Intermediate AMD: Multiple small or a few intermediate-sized drusen (63–124 µm), or macular pigmentary changes

• Advanced AMD: Geographic atrophy involving the foveal center or the presence of choroidal neovascularization

• Early AMD: Presence of several small drusen (<63 µm in diameter

• Late AMD: presence of hard drusen only without pigment changes

New vessels originating between the RPE and the neurosensory retina are a characteristic of which type of CNV?

• Type 1

• Type 2

• Type 3

• Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV)

What is geographic atrophy in AMD?

• Proliferation of abnormal blood vessels under the retina

• Advanced stage of dry AMD characterized by atrophy of RPE and photoreceptors, leading to central vision loss

• Fluid accumulation beneath the macula

• Hemorrhage from choroidal neovascularization extending into the subretinal space

Which imaging modalities are most effective for evaluating structural and vascular changes in AMD?

• MRI and CT scan

• OCT for retinal layers and FFA for neovascular leakage

• VEP and ERG for macular function

• B-scan and anterior segment OCT for choroidal perfusion

Which of the following is NOT a management option for neovascular AMD?

• Laser photocoagulation and photodynamic therapy

• Anti-VEGF injections

• Nutritional supplementation with antioxidant vitamins only

• Submacular surgery for hemorrhage evacuation

What are the clinical manifestations of AMD?

• Peripheral vision loss, tunnel vision, progressive course

• Central vision loss, distorted vision (metamorphopsia), or asymptomatic

• Rapid vision loss in early non-exudative AMD

• Scotoma and decreased contrast sensitivity

What is the role of antiangiogenic (anti-VEGF) therapy in AMD?

• Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections are given monthly or at longer intervals to reduce neovascular leakage

• Anti-VEGF promotes capillary maturation and fluid accumulation

• Anti-VEGF causes subretinal fluid buildup under photoreceptors

• Anti-VEGF completely halts all retinal degeneration

Which of the following best describes a recognized systemic adverse effect associated with intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy?

• Transient vitreous traction and hyphema following injection

• Localized retinal pigment epithelial disruption without systemic involvement

• Increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction

• Chronic elevation of intraocular pressure and progressive cataract formation due to VEGF receptor saturation