Psychology Concepts

Fundamental attribution error

• Overestimating personal traits and underestimating the situation

• Underestimating personal traits and overestimating the situation

• Ignoring situational factors entirely

• Evaluating behavior based solely on external circumstances

Reciprocity norm

• People tend to help those who have helped them

• People are more likely to help strangers than friends

• People only help those who can benefit them in return

• People help others based on their mood

Difference between prejudice and discrimination

• Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behavior

• Prejudice is a behavior; discrimination is an attitude

• Prejudice and discrimination are the same

• Prejudice is a feeling; discrimination is a thought

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

• Agreeing to a small request increases likelihood of agreeing to a larger request

• People are more likely to refuse a large request after agreeing to a small one

• Individuals tend to ignore small requests when presented with larger ones

• Agreeing to a large request decreases the likelihood of agreeing to a small request

Main goal of humanistic therapy

• Promote self-acceptance and personal growth

• Enhance cognitive behavioral skills

• Reduce anxiety through medication

• Improve social interactions through group therapy

Cause of aggression according to the frustration-aggression hypothesis

• Lack of attention

• Excessive rewards

• High self-esteem

• Social isolation

Milgram’s study maximum voltage

• 50% of participants delivered the maximum voltage

• 65% of participants delivered the maximum voltage

• 75% of participants delivered the maximum voltage

• 80% of participants delivered the maximum voltage

Deindividuation

• Developing a stronger sense of identity

• Feeling less accountable for one's actions

• Increased self-awareness in groups

• Enhanced personal responsibility

Conformity

• Adjusting behavior or thinking to match a group

• Acting independently of group influence

• Rejecting group norms and values

• Seeking approval from authority figures

Assessment used in trait theory to measure personality

• Personality inventories like the NEO-PI or MMPI

• Projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test

• Behavioral assessments through observation

• Cognitive assessments using IQ tests