Psychological Theories and Biases

Free Association

• A technique where patients are hypnotized to recall memories.

• A method of free writing to express emotions.

• A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient speaks freely about memories, thoughts, and feelings.

• A cognitive behavioral therapy approach focusing on changing thought patterns.

Dispositional Attributions

• Attributions that assign the cause of behavior to internal characteristics.

• Attributions that assign the cause of behavior to external factors.

• Attributions that focus on situational influences on behavior.

• Attributions that ignore the causes of behavior.

Self-Serving Bias

• The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to external factors.

• The tendency to blame others for one's own failures.

• The tendency to take credit for others' successes.

• The tendency to view oneself as better than average.

Obedience

• The act of following direct commands, usually from an authority figure.

• The ability to make independent decisions without influence.

• The process of questioning authority and seeking alternatives.

• The act of ignoring rules and regulations.

Conformity

• The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.

• A psychological phenomenon where individuals act independently of group influence.

• The process of forming a group identity based on shared interests.

• The tendency to reject societal norms and establish personal beliefs.

Social Trap

• A situation where individuals work together for a common goal.

• A scenario where self-interest leads to a collective disaster.

• A method of negotiation that benefits all parties involved.

• A strategy for maximizing individual gains without consequences.

Normative Social Influence

• Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

• Influence based on the desire to be correct or accurate.

• Influence that occurs when individuals conform to group norms to fit in.

• Influence that arises from the need for social validation and acceptance.

Psychodynamic Theory

• A theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

• A theory that focuses on observable behavior and external stimuli.

• A theory that suggests personality is shaped by social interactions and cultural influences.

• A theory that posits personality is determined by genetic factors.

Personality

• An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

• A temporary state of mind influenced by external factors.

• A set of traits that are completely unchangeable.

• A collection of random behaviors without any underlying pattern.

Deindividuation

• The process of becoming more self-aware in a group setting.

• The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

• A method of enhancing individual performance in a team.

• The ability to maintain personal identity in a crowd.