AP Psychology

American psychologist best known for his groundbreaking study on delayed gratification known as “the marshmallow test.”

• Ivan Pavlov

• Walter Mischel

• Martin Seligman

• Robert Rescorla

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

• mental set

• confirmation bias

• functional fixedness

• fixation

Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

• overconfidence

• misinformation effect

• confirmation bias

• belief perseverance

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.

• availability heuristic

• representativeness heuristic

• functional fixedness

• mental set

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood.

• fluid intelligence

• crystallized intelligence

• mental set

• amnesia

Which psychologist is known for the theory of cognitive dissonance?

• A) B.F. Skinner

• B) Leon Festinger

• C) Carl Rogers

• D) Albert Bandura

What is the term for the phenomenon where people are less likely to help a victim when other people are present?

• A) Social loafing

• B) Bystander effect

• C) Groupthink

• D) Deindividuation

Which concept refers to the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group?

• A) Social facilitation

• B) Deindividuation

• C) Group polarization

• D) Social loafing

Who developed the hierarchy of needs theory?

• A) Sigmund Freud

• B) Abraham Maslow

• C) Erik Erikson

• D) Jean Piaget

What is the term for the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal causes while attributing our own actions to external factors?

• A) Fundamental attribution error

• B) Self-serving bias

• C) Actor-observer bias

• D) Cognitive dissonance