PHS Developmental Theories and Concepts

Morals

• Principles concerning right and wrong behavior.

• Rules that govern economic transactions.

• Guidelines for scientific research ethics.

• Strategies for effective communication.

Social Development

• Growth in interpersonal relationships and social skills.

• Increase in individual wealth and resources.

• Improvement in physical health and fitness.

• Enhancement of cognitive abilities and intelligence.

Zone of Proximal Development

• Difference between what a learner can do alone and with help.

• The maximum potential a learner can achieve without assistance.

• The level of difficulty of a task that a learner can complete independently.

• The amount of time a learner spends on a task without help.

Operant Conditioning

• Learning through rewards and punishments.

• Learning through observation and imitation.

• Learning through consequences of behavior.

• Learning through memorization and repetition.

Integrity

• Sense of fulfillment and satisfaction in life.

• A measure of honesty and moral principles.

• The ability to maintain consistency in actions and values.

• A state of being whole and undivided.

Concrete Operational

• Stage where logical thinking develops with concrete objects.

• Stage characterized by abstract thinking and problem-solving.

• Stage focused on sensory experiences and motor skills.

• Stage where individuals can think hypothetically and abstractly.

Moral Decisions

• Choices made based on ethical considerations.

• Decisions made without any ethical considerations.

• Choices made based on personal gain.

• Decisions made solely on emotional responses.

Cognitive Development

• Advancement in thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.

• A method of memorizing information quickly.

• The ability to perform physical tasks efficiently.

• A process of emotional growth and maturity.

Initiative

• Ability to take charge and act independently.

• The process of following instructions without question.

• A method of procrastination to avoid tasks.

• The act of waiting for others to take action.

Egocentric

• Inability to see perspectives other than one's own.

• Ability to understand multiple viewpoints.

• A psychological condition affecting social interactions.

• A term used to describe self-centered behavior.