8th Grade US History Important Terms

Maryland's founding purpose

• Founded for Catholics seeking religious freedom

• Founded as a trading post for merchants

• Founded as a military base for defense

• Founded for the purpose of agricultural expansion

Characteristics of New England colonies

• Fertile soil, warm climate, agriculture, trade; founded for economic gain

• Rocky soil, cold climate, harbors, fishing, lumber, shipbuilding; founded for religious freedom

• Flat plains, hot climate, mining, agriculture; founded for expansion

• Wetlands, temperate climate, tourism, textiles; founded for commercial purposes

Industrial Revolution

• New inventions helped farming and factories make goods faster, leading to cheaper products and a growing need for workers.

• It was a period of economic decline where factories closed and unemployment rose.

• People moved from cities to rural areas to escape factory work.

• It marked the end of agricultural practices and the rise of digital technology.

Dorothea Dix

• Worked to improve prison conditions and create facilities for the mentally ill.

• Was a famous author of children's books.

• Served as a military nurse during the Civil War.

• Advocated for women's suffrage in the 19th century.

George Washington's Farewell Address

• Washington encouraged the formation of permanent foreign alliances.

• Washington warned against having permanent foreign alliances and creating political parties.

• Washington advocated for the establishment of multiple political parties.

• Washington emphasized the importance of military alliances.

Citizen responsibilities

• Serve on juries, vote in elections, stay informed, obey laws

• Pay taxes and follow traffic rules

• Attend community meetings and volunteer

• Travel abroad and learn new languages

Temperance movement

• Led by women; fought to decrease alcohol consumption.

• A movement to promote the consumption of alcohol.

• An initiative to increase the production of alcoholic beverages.

• A campaign to legalize all forms of drug use.

Characteristics of Southern colonies

• Fertile soil, warm climate, cash crops; Transatlantic Slave Trade provided slave labor for plantations

• Rocky soil, cold climate, industrial crops; Native American labor was predominant

• Arid soil, temperate climate, livestock farming; European settlers relied on free labor

• Swampy soil, tropical climate, fruit crops; Local tribes provided labor for agriculture

Worcester v. Georgia

• The Court favored the state of Georgia over the Cherokee Nation.

• The Indian Removal Act was declared unconstitutional by the Court.

• The Court favored Natives, but President Jackson ignored the ruling.

• The Cherokee Nation was granted full sovereignty over their lands.

Telegraph

• Invention by Alexander Graham Bell used for voice communication.

• Invention by Samuel Morse used to communicate rapidly over long distances.

• A device for measuring electrical resistance invented by Thomas Edison.

• A method of sending messages using smoke signals.