Understanding Variables and Research Ethics

What is the variable called that is manipulated by the researcher and is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable?

• Dependent variable

• Independent variable

• Extraneous variable

• Confounding variable

Which type of error affects the precision of a measurement and results in a spread of readings?

• Systematic errors

• Random errors

• Personal errors

• Observational errors

What is the term for the moral obligation to ensure fair distribution and access to the benefits of an action?

• Beneficence

• Integrity

• Justice

• Non-maleficence

Which of the following refers to the closeness of the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same quantity under the same conditions?

• Precision

• Repeatability

• Reproducibility

• Validity

What is the process called that involves the collation and analysis of secondary data related to other people’s scientific findings?

• Fieldwork

• Literature review

• Modelling

• Simulation

Which ethical principle involves ensuring participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment before agreeing to participate?

• Confidentiality

• Debriefing

• Informed consent procedures

• Use of deception in research

What is the term for variables that have affected the results apart from the independent variable, providing alternative explanations for the investigation results?

• Extraneous variables

• Confounding variables

• Independent variables

• Dependent variables

Which of the following is a commitment to maximising benefits and minimising risks and harms in research?

• Integrity

• Beneficence

• Justice

• Respect

What is the term for the privacy, protection, and security of a participant’s personal information in research?

• Debriefing

• Confidentiality

• Informed consent

• Voluntary participation

Which type of study involves the planned observation and recording of events and behaviours that have not been manipulated to understand relationships between variables?

• Controlled experiment

• Correlational study

• Case study

• Fieldwork