Brown and Levinson Politeness

The most direct approach, using imperative forms such as 'give me a pen', is known as ...

• Off record

• Bald on record

The tendency to use negative politeness forms, emphasizing the hearer's right to freedom, can be seen as a ...

• Deference strategy

• Mitigating strategy

A ... leads the requester to appeal to a common goal, and even friendship, via expressions.

• Positive politeness strategy

• Negative politeness strategy

A person's ... is the need to be independent, to have freedom of action, and not to be imposed on by others

• Negative face

• Positive face

Internal and external factors have an influence not only on what we say (implicature), but also on how we are interpreted (inference).

• True

• False

... means the public self-image of a person.

• Politeness

• Face

• Interaction

People generally behave as if their expectations concerning their public self-image, or their ... , will be respected.

• face wants

• face saving acts

• face threatening acts

The tendency to use positive politeness forms, emphasizing closeness between speaker and hearer, can be seen as a ...

• Negative politeness strategy

• Positive politeness strategy

• Solidarity strategy

Utterance which avoids a potential threat to a person's public self-image.

• Face saving act

• Face want

• Face threatening act