Miller and Levine Chapter 2 Review: The Chemistry of Life

Which two types of particles are present in equal numbers in an atom, but not in an ion?

• protons and electrons

• protons and neutrons

• inner-shell electrons and outer-shell electrons

• protons and inner-shell electrons

The elements sodium and chlorine react to form the chemical compound sodium chloride. How would you predict the properties of sodium chloride compare with those of its constituent elements?

• very different

• similar in most ways, but not identical

• identical in all ways

• an average or mixture of the two sets of properties

The diagram shows water at the molecular level. What property of a water molecule allows hydrogen bonds to form among adjacent molecules?

• the strong covalent bonds that hold the oxygen atom to each hydrogen atom

• the ionic bonds that form after the molecule separates into a hydroxide ion (OH^—) and hydrogen ion (H⁺)

• the small size of the two hydrogen atoms compared to the oxygen atom

• the polarity of the molecule, which involves a slightly negative oxygen atom and slightly positive hydrogen atoms

Household bleach has a pH between 12 and 13. From this information, which of the following BEST describes the bleach solution?

• The solution is acidic, meaning it has more hydrogen (H⁺) ions than hydroxide (OH^–) ions.

• The solution is a buffer that reacts with solutions containing high concentrations of hydrogen (H⁺) ions.

• The solution is neutral, meaning it has an equal number of hydrogen (H⁺) ions and hydroxide (OH^–) ions.

• The solution is basic, meaning it has fewer hydrogen (H⁺) ions than hydroxide (OH^–) ions.

The diagram shows the structure of starch, a complex carbohydrate. What best describes the relationship between starch and glucose?

• Starch and glucose are reactants that combine to form proteins.

• Starch is a polymer made of glucose monomers.

• Starch and glucose are reactants that combine to form nucleic acids.

• Starch is a monomer that is used to make glucose.

The diagram shows the general structure of an amino acid. Several different amino acids join together to form a protein. How do any two types of amino acids differ from one another?

• the number of amino groups in the molecule

• the number of chemical bonds formed by the central carbon atom

• the chemical structure of the R group in the molecule

• the number of carboxyl groups in the molecule

In a chemical reaction, which event ALWAYS occurs as the reaction proceeds?

• the rearrangement of electrons to break or form chemical bonds

• a change in total mass

• the absorption of energy from the environment

• the release of energy to the environment

What is the effect of an enzyme on the energy of a chemical reaction?

• Enzymes increase the free energy of the products.

• Enzymes decrease the activation energy of the reaction.

• Enzymes decrease the difference in energy between products and reactants.

• Enzymes decrease the free energy of the reactants.

Which of these molecular structures could be found in a lipid, but not a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid?

• a long chain of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms

• a long chain made only of carbon and hydrogen atoms

• a phosphate group joined to a chain of carbon atoms

• an amino group and a carboxylic group bonded together

Which type of macromolecule has the function of storing and transmitting hereditary or genetic information?

• lipid

• carbohydrate

• nucleic acid

• protein