ELR301_Chapter 3

What is a theory in quantitative research?

• A random prediction based on experience.

• A guess about variables with no evidence.

• A scientific prediction or explanation of relationships among variables.

• A list of unrelated variables and constructs.

What role does a theory play in quantitative research?

• It identifies research participants.

• It explains relationships among variables.

• It measures participant attitudes.

• It gathers statistical data.

What is an independent variable?

• The variable that depends on outcomes.

• The variable that causes outcomes.

• The variable that is measured in surveys.

• The variable that acts as a mediator.

What are dependent variables in research?

• Variables that predict other variables.

• Variables unrelated to the research focus.

• Variables that rely on independent variables.

• Variables that moderate other relationships.

What are confounding variables?

• Variables that enhance data reliability.

• Variables included for causal clarity.

• Variables that reduce data errors.

• Variables that distort the relationship between cause and effect.

How does a true experiment test causality?

• By using random variables.

• By avoiding independent variables.

• By controlling confounding variables.

• By focusing only on dependent variables.

In survey research, what is a predictor variable?

• A variable used to predict outcomes.

• A variable that moderates outcomes.

• A variable that has no relationship with outcomes.

• A variable that depends on interventions.

What is a mediating variable?

• A variable that moderates relationships.

• A variable that replaces independent variables.

• A variable that transmits effects between independent and dependent variables.

• A variable that is not measurable.

What is a moderating variable?

• A variable that influences data collection.

• A variable that affects the strength of relationships.

• A variable that replaces dependent variables.

• A variable that is directly observable.

What is causality in quantitative research?

• A hypothesis without relationships.

• A relationship with no independent variables.

• A correlation that implies causation.

• A relationship where one variable directly affects another.