Front

What is cell signaling?

Back

Cell signaling is the process by which cells communicate with each other through signaling molecules, leading to specific responses inside the target cell.

Front

What happens to a receptor when a cell responds to a signal?

Back

The cell experiences a change in receptor conformation.

Front

What activates receptor tyrosine kinases?

Back

Receptor tyrosine kinases are activated by dimerization, phosphorylation by ATP, and binding of signal molecules.

Front

What is a protein kinase cascade?

Back

A protein kinase cascade is a series of biochemical events where one protein kinase activates another, leading to a chain reaction of phosphorylation.

Front

What is the benefit of a protein kinase cascade?

Back

It allows for the amplification of the signal, activation or inhibition of many enzymes, and distribution of the signal throughout the cell.

Front

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

Back

A phosphorylation cascade is a series of molecules that are sequentially phosphorylated, leading to a cellular response.

Front

What does a protein phosphatase do?

Back

A protein phosphatase removes phosphate groups from proteins, which can deactivate or alter their function.

Front

What is the role of G proteins in cell signaling?

Back

G proteins act as molecular switches that transmit signals from activated receptors to target proteins inside the cell.

Front

What is the significance of signal amplification in cell signaling?

Back

Signal amplification allows a small number of signaling molecules to produce a large response, enhancing the cell's ability to react to stimuli.

Front

What are second messengers in cell signaling?

Back

Second messengers are small molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell.