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What is confounding in statistics?

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Confounding occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.

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True or False: All samples lead to a good prediction about an entire population.

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False

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Define confounding variables in the context of data collection.

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Confounding variables are extraneous variables that affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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What is a matched pairs design experiment?

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A matched pairs design experiment is one where each participant is paired with another participant who has similar characteristics, and both are exposed to different treatments.

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What is random assignment in experiments?

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Random assignment is the process of assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, minimizing preexisting differences between the groups.

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What is an observational study?

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An observational study is a type of research where the researcher observes and records behavior without manipulating any variables.

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What is the purpose of stratifying in statistics?

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Stratifying is used to divide a population into subgroups to ensure that specific characteristics are represented in the sample.

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What does bias mean in the context of sampling?

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Bias refers to systematic errors that lead to an incorrect representation of the population in a sample.

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What is undercoverage in sampling?

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Undercoverage occurs when some members of the population are inadequately represented in the sample.

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What is a randomized comparative experiment?

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A randomized comparative experiment is one where participants are randomly assigned to different treatment groups to compare the effects.