Statistical Quiz (Technology)

Observational studies in AI research are sometimes referred to as natural experiments. Explain what this means. Choose the correct answer below.

• A. In an observational study, AI algorithms are assigned to different datasets through random selection.

• B. In an observational study, a researcher measures characteristics of interest of a part of a dataset but does not change existing conditions.

• C. In an observational study, AI models are paired up according to a similarity.

• D. In an observational study, a treatment is applied to part of a dataset and responses are observed.

Answer explanation

B is correct because observational studies involve measuring characteristics without altering conditions, akin to natural experiments where variables are observed in their natural state.

Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning. Types of software applications. The variable is (1) __________ because software types are (2) __________.

Answer explanation

The variable is (1) qualitative because software types are (2) attributes or labels. They categorize software into distinct groups rather than measuring or counting them, which defines qualitative data.

Identify the sampling technique used. A tech company randomly selected 30 of the nation's data centers and analyzed all of the servers at each center using AI algorithms.

• A. random

• B. stratified

• C. convenience

• D. cluster

• E. systematic

Answer explanation

The sampling technique used is cluster sampling. The tech company randomly selected entire data centers (clusters) and analyzed all servers within those centers, rather than sampling individual servers across all centers.

A data scientist is analyzing the performance of an AI model by reviewing its accuracy scores over 10 different datasets. The accuracy scores are as follows: 82.0, 92.3, 78.5, 89.7, 70.4, 95.0, 93.1, 89.7, 91.2, 69.3. Find the range of the accuracy scores.

• A. 25.6

• B. 26.0

• C. 21.9

• D. 24.5

Answer explanation

To find the range, subtract the minimum accuracy score (69.3) from the maximum (95.0). Thus, 95.0 - 69.3 = 25.7. However, the closest answer choice is B. 26.0, which is the correct choice.

An AI system is analyzing data from a sensor network. The average reading from the sensors is 56 with a standard deviation of 4. If a particular sensor reports a value of 64, what is the z-score of this reading?

• A. z = 1.07

• B. z = 2.00

• C. z = -1.07

• D. z = 1.75

Answer explanation

To find the z-score, use the formula: z = (X - μ) / σ. Here, X = 64, μ = 56, and σ = 4. Thus, z = (64 - 56) / 4 = 8 / 4 = 2.00. Therefore, the correct answer is B. z = 2.00.

Determine whether the statement below is true or false. If it is false, rewrite it as a true statement. Choose the correct answer below.

• This statement is false. A true statement is AI can process 7C4 = 7C2 tasks simultaneously.

• This statement is false. A true statement is AI can process 2C7 = 5C7 tasks simultaneously.

• This statement is false. A true statement is AI can process 7C5 = 7P2 tasks simultaneously.

• This statement is true.

Answer explanation

The correct choice states that the original statement is false and rewrites it as 'AI can process 7C5 = 7P2 tasks simultaneously.' This is accurate because 7C5 and 7P2 represent valid combinatorial calculations.

Identify the two events described in the study and determine if the results indicate that the events are independent or dependent. Explain your reasoning. A study found that there is no relationship between using AI-powered devices and experiencing data breaches. Identify the two events. Choose the correct answer below.

• Experiencing data breaches and not experiencing data breaches.

• Using AI-powered devices and being around people who experienced data breaches.

• Using AI-powered devices and experiencing data breaches.

• Using AI-powered devices and not using AI-powered devices.

Answer explanation

The two events are using AI-powered devices and experiencing data breaches. The study indicates no relationship between them, suggesting they are independent events.

Are the events independent or dependent?

• Independent. Developing a computer virus is related to using AI software.

• Independent. Using AI software does not cause a computer virus.

• Dependent. Using AI software does cause a computer virus.

• Dependent. The type of computer virus developed is caused by one's exposure to AI software.

Answer explanation

The correct choice is 'Independent. Using AI software does not cause a computer virus.' This indicates that the occurrence of one event does not affect the other, confirming their independence.

An AI system has a 24% probability of successfully identifying a specific object in an image. What is the probability that the AI system will not identify the object? (Simplify your answer.)

Answer explanation

The probability of the AI system identifying the object is 24%, so the probability of not identifying it is 1 - 0.24 = 0.76. Therefore, the correct answer is 0.76.

Explain why the statement is incorrect. The probability of a computer system failure tomorrow is 148%. What makes the statement incorrect?

• The probability of an event must be contained in the interval [1,100].

• The probability of an event cannot exceed 100%.

• An event needs to have more than one possible outcome.

• The chance of a system failure is always more than 100%.

Answer explanation

The statement is incorrect because the probability of an event cannot exceed 100%. Probabilities are expressed as values between 0% and 100%, where 100% indicates certainty of the event occurring.