immunological tolerance and autoimmunity

What does CTLA-4 do?

• Prevents T cell activation

• Activates T cells

• Increases IL-2

• Stimulates apoptosis

Which cells are known as Tregs?

• CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells

• CD8+ cells

• B cells

• NK cells

What is the role of IL-10?

• Suppresses lymphocytes

• Activates macrophages

• Stimulates apoptosis

• Promotes T cell growth

What triggers apoptosis in T lymphocytes?

• Increased IL-2

• Pro-apoptotic protein formation

• CTLA-4 activation

• IL-10 secretion

What does PD-1 stand for?

• Programmed death protein-1

• Primary death protein-1

• Proliferation death protein-1

• Peripheral death protein-1

What is the function of TGF-beta?

• Stimulates IL-2 production

• Suppresses immune response

• Activates T cells

• Promotes cell division

What is Fas (CD95)?

• A type of B cell

• A cytokine

• A receptor that triggers apoptosis

• A type of T cell

What happens when IL-2 is depleted?

• B cells are activated

• T cells grow faster

• Apoptosis is prevented

• T cell activation is reduced

What does the term 'receptor balance' refer to?

• The balance of activating and inhibitory signals

• The number of T cells in the body

• The amount of IL-2 produced

• The types of lymphocytes present

What is the role of caspases?

• Promote cell growth

• Trigger apoptosis

• Activate T cells

• Suppress immune response