PSY 105 Ch. 6

Which of the following statements is true of associative learning?

• It occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.

• It occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior.

• It occurs as a result of exposure to models performing a skill.

• It occurs as a result of direct consequences.

In the context of learning, which of the following statements is true of conditioning?

• It occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior.

• It is the process of learning the associations between two events.

• It requires a learner to pay attention, remember, and reproduce what a model did.

• It is a process of learning that requires exposure to models performing a skill.

Identify a true statement about classical conditioning.

• It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

• In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence.

• Classical conditioning focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them.

• It is a form of associative learning, also known as instrumental conditioning, in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's recurrence.

Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned responses?

• They are involuntary.

• They happen in response to a stimulus with conscious effort.

• They are neural stimuli that cause synesthesia.

• They are learned reactions.

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a(n)

• conditioned stimulus.

• unconditioned stimulus.

• conditioned response.

• unconditioned response.

What is the primary difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

• Classical conditioning involves learning through association, while operant conditioning involves learning through consequences.

• Classical conditioning requires conscious effort, while operant conditioning is involuntary.

• Classical conditioning is based on rewards, while operant conditioning is based on punishments.

• Classical conditioning involves imitation, while operant conditioning involves observation.

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned response?

• A dog salivating when it sees food.

• A child crying when they hear a loud noise.

• A person feeling hungry when they hear the sound of a lunch bell.

• A cat running to its owner when called.

In the context of classical conditioning, what does the term 'extinction' refer to?

• The process by which a conditioned response is strengthened over time.

• The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response.

• The initial stage of learning when a response is first established.

• The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of rest.

In the context of operant conditioning, what does the term 'shaping' refer to?

• The process of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

• The process of weakening a behavior by ignoring it.

• The process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.

• The process of observing and imitating another's behavior.

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

• Giving a child a treat for completing their homework.

• Removing chores as a reward for good grades.

• Scolding a pet for making a mess.

• Ignoring a child's tantrum until it stops.