Exploring Environmental Epidemiology

What is a primary concern of environmental epidemiology?

• Identifying new species

• Causality—whether research findings represent cause-and-effect associations

• Developing new medical treatments

• Mapping geographical regions

Which of the following is NOT an observational study design used in environmental epidemiology?

• Cross-sectional study

• Ecologic study

• Randomized controlled trial

• Cohort study

Environmental epidemiology often investigates issues related to which of the following?

• Space exploration

• Air pollution

• Genetic engineering

• Quantum physics

Which study design is typically used to explore cause-and-effect associations in environmental epidemiology?

• Experimental

• Observational

• Quasi-experimental

• All of the above

What is a global public health issue associated with increasing urbanisation in developing regions?

• Deforestation

• Air pollution

• Overfishing

• Desertification

Which of the following is a type of observational study design?

• Case-control study

• Double-blind trial

• Laboratory experiment

• Field trial

In the context of environmental epidemiology, what does the term "causality" refer to?

• The correlation between two variables

• The cause-and-effect relationship between variables

• The randomness of data

• The frequency of an event

Which of the following is NOT typically a focus of environmental epidemiology?

• Climate change

• Water pollution

• Astrophysics

• Chemicals

What is the primary goal of using different study designs in environmental epidemiology?

• To increase the sample size

• To explore cause-and-effect associations

• To reduce research costs

• To simplify data analysis

Which of the following is a concern when interpreting results from environmental epidemiology studies?

• The speed of data collection

• The clarity of cause-and-effect associations

• The number of researchers involved

• The geographical location of the study