ATTACH - 8 - Cultural Variations

What was the aim of Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg’s (1988) meta-analysis on attachment?

• To compare attachment types across different cultures.
• To study the impact of food on attachment.
• To analyze the role of fathers in attachment.
• To observe attachment styles in adulthood.

What is the most common attachment type found across all cultures in the study?

• Secure attachment
• Insecure-avoidant attachment
• Insecure-resistant attachment
• Disorganized attachment

Which culture showed the highest levels of insecure-resistant attachment?

• Japan and Israel
• Germany
• United Kingdom
• USA

Which culture showed the highest levels of insecure-avoidant attachment?

• Germany
• Japan
• Israel
• South Korea

What was a significant finding regarding variations in attachment within and between cultures?

• There were more variations within cultures than between cultures.
• There were no significant variations within or between cultures.
• There were more variations between cultures than within cultures.
• All countries showed exactly the same attachment patterns.

Why is Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg’s research criticized for individualistic bias?

• The majority of the studies analyzed were from individualistic cultures, limiting generalizability.
• They focused exclusively on collectivist cultures.
• They did not include enough studies from Western countries.
• Their findings were biased toward collectivist cultures.

What is imposed etic in relation to Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?

• Applying Western standards to judge attachment in other cultures.
• Imposing the results of one study onto another.
• Using incorrect measures of attachment.
• Using a biased sample in the study.

What criticism is made regarding generalizations about countries in Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg’s study?

• It overlooked subcultural differences within countries.
• It focused too much on rural areas.
• It ignored the role of fathers in attachment.
• It failed to consider individual differences in infants.

How does the Strange Situation show cultural bias?

• It assumes secure attachment is the gold standard based on Western ideals.
• It accurately measures attachment in all cultures.
• It was only conducted on Western participants.
• It favors insecure-avoidant attachment as the ideal type.

What evidence supports Bowlby’s attachment theory based on Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg’s findings?

• The most common attachment style was secure, suggesting attachment is an innate mechanism for survival.
• Most babies showed insecure attachments across cultures.
• Avoidant attachment was most common, supporting Bowlby’s theory.
• Disorganized attachment was the primary form of attachment observed.