chap 6-8 vocab

autotroph

• An organism able to build all the complex organic molecules that it requires as its own food source, using only simple inorganic compounds.

• An organism that consumes other organisms for energy.
• An organism that cannot produce its own food and relies on external sources.

cellular respiration

• Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and water without energy.
• Cellular respiration occurs only in plants.
• Cellular respiration is the process of photosynthesis.
• The metabolic harvesting of energy by oxidation, ultimately dependent on molecular oxygen; carried out by the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

heterotroph

• Heterotrophs produce their own food through photosynthesis.
• Heterotrophs are organisms that can survive without consuming other organisms.
• Heterotrophs are primarily found in aquatic environments.
• An organism that cannot derive energy from photosynthesis or inorganic chemicals, and so must feed on other plants and animals, obtaining chemical energy by degrading their organic molecules.

dehydrogenation

• Dehydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen to a molecule.
• Dehydrogenation refers to the transfer of electrons between molecules.
• Chemical reaction involving the loss of a hydrogen atom. This is an oxidation that combines loss of an electron with loss of a proton.

• Dehydrogenation is the process of splitting a molecule into two parts.

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

• NAD is a hormone that regulates sleep.
• NAD is only found in plants.
• NAD is a type of vitamin.
• A molecule that becomes reduced (to NADH) as it carries high-energy electrons from oxidized molecules and delivers them to ATP-producing pathways in the cell.

aerobic respiration

• Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.
• Aerobic respiration produces energy only in plants.
• Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen.
• The process that results in the complete oxidation of glucose using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor for an electron transport chain that produces a proton gradient for the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP.

anaerobic respiration

• Anaerobic respiration is a type of aerobic process.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs only in plants.
• Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen for energy production.
• The use of electron transport to generate a proton gradient for chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen.

electron transport chain

• A process that only occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells.
• A method for DNA replication in prokaryotes.
• A series of chemical reactions that produce glucose.
• The passage of energetic electrons through a series of membrane-associated electron-carrier molecules to proton pumps embedded within mitochondrial or chloroplast membranes. See chemiosmosis.

glycolysis

• Glycolysis is a pathway that produces oxygen as a byproduct.
• Glycolysis occurs only in the mitochondria of the cell.
• Glycolysis is a process that synthesizes glucose from fatty acids.
• The anaerobic breakdown of glucose; this enzyme-catalyzed process yields two molecules of pyruvate with a net of two molecules of ATP.

oxidative phosphorylation

• The synthesis of proteins using ribosomes.
• The process of breaking down glucose without oxygen.
• The conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
• Synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase using energy from a proton gradient. The proton gradient is generated by electron transport, which requires oxygen.