An argument that assumes the truth of what it is trying to prove.

• hasty generalization

• circular reasoning

• straw man argument

• ad hominem

An argument that appeals to popular opinion as the basis for its truth.

• hasty generalization

• circular reasoning

• guilt by association

• bandwagon fallacy

An interruption between the initial idea and the conclusion.

• red herring

• ad hominem

• non sequitur

• bandwagon fallacy

An argument based on a personal attack on someone's character.

• appeal to nature

• ad hominem

• non sequitur

• bandwagon fallacy

Substituting a person's actual position with a misrepresented (and usually weaker) version of their argument.

• straw man argument

• appeal to nature

• non sequitur

• guilt by association

An argument that wrongly assumes there are only two possible positions.

• false dichotomy

• false causation

• appeal to nature

• hasty generalization

Drawing a conclusion based on a small sample size; a broad claim based on limited evidence.

• non sequitur

• false causation

• red herring

• hasty generalization

Jack is a good athlete. Jack comes from Canada. Therefore, all Canadians are good athletes."

• red herring

• ad hominem

• non sequitur

• bandwagon fallacy

"Four out of five dentists recommend Happy Glossy toothpaste. Therefore, it must be great."

• non sequitur

• false causation

• red herring

• hasty generalization

"To get better schools, we have to raise taxes. If we don't, we can't have better schools."

• false dichotomy

• false causation

• appeal to nature

• hasty generalization