Forward, Central and Backward Curriculum Design

What does forward design start with?

• outcomes

• methodology

• content

What is the focus of central design?

• Outcomes

• Methodology

• Content

What is the focus of backward design?

• Outcomes

• Methodology

• Content

What are the three different processes of curriculum development?

• Forward design

• Central design

• Backward design

What does forward design mean in curriculum development?

• Moving from input to process to output

• Starting with process and deriving input and output

• Starting from output and then dealing with process and input

What is the assumption behind forward design?

• Input, process, and output are related in a linear fashion

• Assessment of students is based on norm referencing

• Curriculum design is seen as a sequence of stages

What is the role of authentic materials in syllabus design?

• They present language from natural texts

• They are made-up texts

• They are not preferred by ESL/EFL professionals

What is the role of corpus data in syllabus design according to O’Keefe et al.?

• To inform course book dialogues and syllabi

• To provide authentic input to teaching

• To study the nature of different text types

• To identify lexical and grammatical features

What does the forward design approach emphasize?

• Decisions about teaching processes follow syllabus specification

• Methodology is prioritized over syllabus design

• Content is secondary to teaching methods

• Learning outcomes are independent of content

What is the central design approach in curriculum development?

• Starts with teaching activities rather than syllabus

• Focuses on detailed language syllabus first

• Emphasizes output over input

• Prioritizes assessment before teaching methods