Bacteriophages vs Retroviruses

What are the main structural components of a bacteriophage?

• Plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

• Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum

• Capsid, genetic material (DNA or RNA), tail structure.

• Cell wall, chloroplasts, ribosomes

How does a bacteriophage attach to a bacterial cell?

• A bacteriophage penetrates the bacterial cell wall directly.

• A bacteriophage attaches to a bacterial cell by binding to specific receptors on the bacterial surface.

• A bacteriophage floats freely until it randomly collides with a bacterial cell.

• A bacteriophage releases enzymes to dissolve the bacterial membrane.

What role does the viral genome play in a bacteriophage?

• The viral genome is responsible for the bacteriophage's color.

• The viral genome provides the genetic instructions for replication and assembly of new bacteriophages.

• The viral genome provides nutrients for the bacteriophage's survival.

• The viral genome helps the bacteriophage attach to human cells.

Describe the key steps in the replication cycle of a retrovirus.

• Entry, reverse transcription, assembly, and lysis

• Integration, transcription, translation, and release

• The key steps in the replication cycle of a retrovirus are attachment, entry, reverse transcription, integration, transcription and translation, assembly, and budding.

• Attachment, entry, translation, assembly, and release

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

• To degrade host DNA to prevent integration.

• To replicate viral DNA into RNA for protein synthesis.

• To convert viral RNA into DNA for integration into the host genome.

• To enhance the immune response of the host.

How do retroviruses integrate their genetic material into the host genome?

• Retroviruses replicate their RNA without converting it to DNA before integration.

• Retroviruses integrate their genetic material by using a protein coat to fuse with the host cell.

• Retroviruses use ribosomes to directly insert RNA into the host genome.

• Retroviruses integrate their genetic material into the host genome by converting their RNA into DNA and using integrase to insert this DNA into the host's genome.

List three major differences between bacteriophages and retroviruses.

• Bacteriophages are larger than retroviruses.

• Retroviruses can infect bacteria; bacteriophages infect plants.

• Bacteriophages have a lipid envelope; retroviruses do not.

• Bacteriophages infect bacteria; retroviruses infect eukaryotic cells.

In what type of organisms do bacteriophages primarily infect?

• Fungi

• Viruses

• Bacteria

• Plants

What is the significance of the envelope in retroviruses?

• The envelope protects the viral RNA from degradation.

• The envelope facilitates viral entry into host cells and contains glycoproteins for receptor binding.

• The envelope is responsible for viral replication inside the host.

• The envelope contains enzymes for viral assembly.

How do bacteriophages and retroviruses differ in their method of infection?

• Bacteriophages attach to plant cells, while retroviruses infect only bacteria.

• Bacteriophages replicate inside the host cell nucleus, while retroviruses do not.

• Bacteriophages use RNA to inject their genetic material, while retroviruses use DNA.

• Bacteriophages inject their genetic material into bacteria, while retroviruses enter host cells and integrate their RNA into the host's DNA.