fetches, current instruction register, program counter, memory address register, address bus, memory data register, decoded, executed, control signals, control bus, arithmetic and logic unit, accumulator

fetches, CIR, program counter, MAR, address bus, MDR, decoded, executed, control signals, control bus, ALU, accumulator

Types of system buses and their functions

Control bus (bidirectional and carries control signals) Address bus (unidirectional and carries addresses) Data Bus (bidirectional and carries data)

Control bus (bidirectional and carries control signals) Address bus (bidirectional and carries addresses) Data Bus (bidirectional and carries data)

Control bus (unidirectional and carries control signals) Address bus (unidirectional and carries addresses) Data Bus (bidirectional and carries data)

What are the steps in the Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

Fetch the instruction from RAM, decode the instruction, execute the instruction

During the fetch stage, both data and instruction are fetched and stored in the Memory Data Register (MDR); the next instruction is fetched from the memory address in the Memory Address Register (MAR), stored in the MDR, then copied to the Current Instruction Register (CIR); the Program Counter (PC) is then incremented by 1 for the next instruction; in the decode stage, the instruction is decoded for interpretation in the subsequent cycle; during execution, the CPU sends decoded instructions as control signals to relevant components for sequential execution.

Which of the following affects the performance of the CPU?

clock speed - the number of cycles a CPU can perform each second (GHz)

cores - processor within a CPU, can only work one instruction at a time

cache memory - fast memory located in CPU, used to store temporary copies of the data in the most commonly accessed RAM locations

RAM AND ROM - types of computer memory, with RAM used for temporary data storage during operation and ROM storing permanent data and instructions that remain intact even when the computer is powered off

What is overclocking and its risks?

changing the CPU clock speed beyond its design limits, which can lead to overheating and unsynchronized operations.

when the clock speed is beyond its design limits

leads to overheating and unsynchronized operations

Which of the following are ways to improve CPU performance?

Increasing bus width and clock speed

using multi-core CPUs and using cache memories

What is an instruction set?

A set of operations that the CPU can perform, consisting of opcodes (operation codes) and operands (data or memory locations)

a set of operations which are decoded in sequence (made up of an opcode and operand)

a set of operations which are decoded in sequence

Which of the following are not embedded systems?

A Central Processing Unit (CPU) that executes software applications like a desktop computer

Small in size and has a relatively low price but is difficult to upgrade

Systems combining hardware and software designed to carry out specific functions.

Can be either programmable or non-programmable

1. Microprocessor 2. System on Chip (SoC) 3. Microcontroller

1. Microcontroller 2. Microprocessor 3. System on Chip (SoC)

1. Microprocessor 2. Microcontroller 3. System on Chip (SoC)

1. System on Chip (SoC) 2. Microprocessor 3. Microcontroller

State (at least one) applications of embedded systems

Stability control, traction control, anti-lock braking systems in cars

Domestic appliances (washing machines)

Security systems (automatic lighting and alarms)

Digital cameras (to process image)

Which of the following are neither benefits nor drawback of embedded systems?

it has an unlimited storage capacity but requires human supervision

relatively low cost but often thrown away because of difficulty in upgrading

dedicated to one task allowing simple interfaces and no requirement for an operating system

devices are open to hackers and viruses and interfaces can appear simple, but it's confusing

What is a barcode and how is it read?

A series of dark and light parallel lines of varying thickness, representing numbers 0-9. It is read by a red laser or LED, reflecting light back to sensors which convert the pattern into digital data.

An encrypted email with black and white lines

Colorful lines with varying thickness than represent numbers

Weird lines that is read by lights

What happens when a barcode is scanned?

The barcode is scanned by a red laser/LED, light is reflected back, sensors read the reflected light, and a pattern is generated and converted into digital data.

The barcode is all read by a red laser/red LED Light is reflected back off the barcode (dark areas reflect little to no light, allows the bars to be read) The reflected light is read by sensors As the laser of LED light is scanned across the barcode, a pattern is generated, which is converted into digital data

What happens in the stock database when a barcode is read?

The barcode number is looked up, item details and price are retrieved, stock count is reduced, re-order level is checked, and new stock orders are generated if needed

The barcode number is looked up in the stock database When the barcode number is found, the stock item record is looked up the price and other stock item details are sent back to the checkout Number of stock items in the record is reduced by 1 each time the barcode is read New value for number of stock is written back to the stock item record Number of stock items is compared to the re-order level; if it is less than or equal to this value, more stock items are automatically ordered Once an order for more stock items is generated, a flag is added to the record to stop reordering every time the stock item barcode is read When new stock items arrive, the stock levels are updated in the database

What are the advantages of barcode scanners for management and customers?

easier price changes, up-to-date sales info, no need to price items individually, automatic stock control

faster checkouts, itemized bills, cost savings, track buying habits, better 'sell by' date management

increased complexity, higher costs, dependency of technology

privacy concerns, limited compatibility, loss of human interaction

What are QR codes and their uses?

Blocks of small squares (light and dark) holding up to 4296 characters, used in advertising, accessing websites, and storing boarding passes

squares that can be used to pay in supermarkets

black and white squares the consists of a lot hidden information

How is a QR code read?

Point the camera at the QR code, the app processes the image, the browser decodes it, and users are directed to the website.

Point the phone or tablet camera at the QR code App will now process the image taken by the camera (converting it into readable data) Browser software automatically reads data generated by the app and decode any web addresses contained within Users will be sent to the website automatically

What are the advantages and disadvantages of QR codes over barcodes?

Hold much more info, Easier to read, Easy to transmit QR codes, Greater protection

Can be used to transmit malicious codes

Which is not included in how a keyboard input data to a computer

Keys are converted into tiny electric charges and pass through the computer to complete a circuit

There is a membrane/circuit board at the base of the keys The ‘H’ key is pressed and this completes a circuit

The CPU in the computer can then determine which key has been pressed The CPU refers to an index file to identify which character the key press represents

What is a microphone and how does it work?

- When sound is created, it causes air to vibrate - When a diaphragm in the microphone picks up the air vibrations, the diaphragm vibrates - As it vibrates, the cone moves in and out causing the copper coil to move back and forth - This motion causes the coil to cut through the magnetic field around the permanent magnet, inducing an electric current - The electric current is then either amplified or sent to a recording device

It's built into a computer/external devices connected through USB or Bluetooth

It's connected either using USB/wireless connection and touch screen

It's controlled by an embedded system (can be connected to internet, control remotely using phone/computer)

How does an optical mouse work?

Red LED light is bounced off the surface, reflection picked by CMOS, generates electric pulses sent to DSP, coordinates calculated and cursor moved accordingly.

A red LED is used in the base of the mouse and the red light is bounced off the surface and the reflection is picked up by a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) This CMOS generates electric pulses to represent the reflected red light and these pulses are sent to a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) The processor can now work out the coordinates of the mosue based on the changing image patterns as it is moved about on the surface The computer can then move the on-screen cursor to the coordinates sent by the mouse

State one benefit of using a wired mouse

No signal loss, cheaper operation, fewer environmental issues

What is the purpose of a 2D scanner and a 3D scanner?

2D - To input hard copy documents and convert them into electronic form for storage in a computer 3D - To scan solid objects and create a three-dimensional image, used in medical imaging like CT, MRI, and SPECT scanners

2D - To scan papers with texts and copy the exact same texts to another document 3D - To scan surrounding objects and take a screenshot to create a model

Which of the following are the right answers to fill in the blanks?

1. infrared 2. capacitive 3. resistive

1. capacitive 2. resistive 3. infrared

1. resistive 2. capacitive 3. infrared

1. infrared 2. resistive 3. capacitive

Fill in the blanks for the process of inkjet printing

buffer, nozzles, liquid, thermal bubble, interrupt

What are the key components of an inkjet printer and a laser printer?

Inkjet - Print head, ink cartridges, stepper motor and belt, and paper feed Laser - Print drum, laser beam, toner cartridges, negatively charged paper, and fuser

Inkjet - Print drum, laser beam, toner cartridges, negatively charged paper, and fuser Laser - Print head, ink cartridges, stepper motor and belt, and paper feed

Describe the process of laser printing

Data is sent to the printer driver, formatted, stored in the buffer, drum is charged and scanned with a laser, toner sticks to charged areas, paper is rolled over the drum, charge is removed, paper is heated to fix the toner, and the drum is discharged.

Data from document is sent to printer driver The printer driver ensures that the data is in a format the the chosen printer can understand A check is made by the printer driver to ensure that the chosen printer is available to print The data is sent to the printer and is stored in the printer buffer Start of the printing process: a printing drum is given a positive charge; as this drum rotates, a laser beam is scanned across it, removing the positive charge in certain areas (leaves negatively charged areas that exactly match the text/images of the page to be printed) The drum is then coated with powdered ink (since the powdered ink is positively charged, it only sticks to the negatively charged parts of the drum A negatively charged sheet of paper is then rolled over the drum The toner on the drum now sticks to the paper to produce an exact copy of the page sent to the printer To prevent the paper sticking to the drum, the electric charge on the paper is removed after one rotation of

How do loudspeakers convert digital data to sound?

Digital data is moved from storage to RAM, read by the application, sent to loudspeakers via a DAC, converted to analog signals, and electrical signals move the speaker cone to produce sound.

The application finds the files on the backing store (HDD or SSD) and moves it into RAM Data in the file is read by the application and then sent via a device driver to loudspeakers which are connected to the computer Device driver software translates the digital data into analogue signal using a DAC The electrical signals make the loudspeaker cones move, through a solenoid The movement of the loudspeaker cone moves molecules of air, which human ear detects

What are the characteristics of primary memory?

Can be accessed directly from the CPU, includes RAM and ROM

Allows the CPU to access applications and services temporarily stored in memory locations

Can be written to or read from, used to store data, files, and parts of applications or the OS currently in use

Non-volatile, permanent memory that can only be read, stores data needed when powering up the computer

Differences between RAM and ROM

RAM - temporary and volatile ROM - permanent and non-volatile

RAM - can be written to and read from and is used to store active data and programs ROM - data cannot be altered and is used to store BIOS and startup data

RAM - permanent and volatile ROM - temporary and volatile

RAM - can be written to and read from and is used to store BIOS and startup data ROM - can be written to and is used to store data

What is a flip-flop in digital memory?

A basic digital memory circuit that stores one bit of information and is used as memory elements in sequential circuits

Basic digital memory circuit (stores one bit of information) ; Used as memory elements in sequential circuits

DRAM (dynamic RAM) vs SRAM (static RAM)

DRAM : Needs constant refreshing, uses transistors and capacitors, less expensive, consumes less power, higher memory capacity. SRAM : Doesn’t need refreshing, uses flip-flops, faster access time.

SRAM : Needs constant refreshing, uses transistors and capacitors, less expensive, consumes less power, higher memory capacity. DRAM : Doesn’t need refreshing, uses flip-flops, faster access time.

What is secondary and off-line storage?

Not directly addressable by the CPU, non-volatile, allows data to be stored as long as required by the user

Not directly addressable by the CPU ; Non-volatile ; Allow data to be stored as long as required by the user

Solid State Drives (SSD) removes the issue of latency since there are no moving parts and all data is retrieved at the same rate and stores data as 0s and 1s in tiny transistors. What are the benefits and drawbacks of it?

have no moving parts, data is retrieved at the same rate, more reliable, lighter, consume less power, but have limited endurance and longevity issues

needs to be constantly refreshed, less expensive to manufacture , higher memory capacity

programs can be larger than physical memory and be executed

What are memory sticks/flash memories?

Use solid-state technology, connect via USB, and are small and lightweight devices

Use solid state technology ; Connect to the computer through the USB port ; Small, lightweight devices

Similarities between CDs and DVDs

Use a thin layer of metal alloy to store the data, can be designated 'R' (write once only) or 'RW' (can be written to or read from many times), both described as optical storages

Use a thin layer of metal alloy to store the data

Can be designated ‘R’ (write once only) or ‘RW’ (can be written to or read from many times)

Both described as optical storages

Which of the following are differences between DVD and Blu-ray?

Blu-ray uses a blue laser, can store 5 times more data, uses a different disc structure, has a secure encryption system, and has faster data transfer rates

Use a thin layer of metal alloy to store the data, can be designated ‘R’ (write once only) or ‘RW’ (can be written to or read from many times), both described as optical storages

DVD has more storage capacity and have different constructions and method of carrying out read-write operations compared to Blu-ray

Virtual memory is a combination of RAM and swap space on HDD/SSD. Which are neither benefits nor drawbacks of virtual memory?

programs can be larger than physical memory and be executed

disk trashing and reduced performances

no need to waste memory and reduces need to buy and install expensive RAM

What is cloud storage and its types?

Cloud storage is a method of data storage where data is stored on remote servers and includes public, private and hybrid clouds.

Method of data storage where data is stored on remote servers. Types include public, private, and hybrid clouds.

Which of the following are benefits and drawbacks of cloud storage

access from any device with internet, no need for physical storage devices, remote backup and recovery

dependence on internet connection, potential high costs, risk of data loss or hacking

more reliable, faster data access, lasts long

What is the purpose of a Network Interface Card (NIC)?

It allows a device to connect to a network and contains the device's MAC address.

needed to allow a device to connect to a network

Comsci Revision Unit 3 (Computer Architecture)

Authored by Catherine Nicole

Computers

9th - 12th Grade

Used 2+ times

Comsci Revision Unit 3 (Computer Architecture)

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30 sec • 1 pt

What is the responsibility of the CPU in a computer?

FILL IN THE BLANK QUESTION

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What are the main components of the CPU?

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

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What are the key features of Von Neumann architecture?

Concept of CPU and direct memory access by the CPU

Storage of programs and data in memory

Execution of stored programs in sequential order

All of the above

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What operations does the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) perform?

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What are the functions of the Control Unit?

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What are registers in the CPU?

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