What is the role of DNA in determining physical traits?

• DNA provides the blueprint for protein synthesis.

• DNA stores energy for cell activities.

• DNA regulates temperature in the body.

• DNA assists in the digestion of food.

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What is the primary cause of sickle cell disease?

• A mutation in the beta hemoglobin gene.

• A lack of hemoglobin production.

• Excessive production of white blood cells.

• Infection caused by bacteria.

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Which environmental factor can increase the chances of mutations?

• Listening to loud music.

• Physical exercise.

• High sugar intake.

• Radiation exposure.

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What is a silent mutation?

• A mutation that does not affect the final protein.

• A mutation that completely stops protein synthesis.

• A mutation that causes visible physical changes.

• A mutation that enhances protein function.

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What is a missense mutation?

• A mutation that duplicates protein sequences.

• A mutation that deletes an amino acid from a protein.

• A mutation that changes one amino acid in a protein.

• A mutation that silences gene expression.

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How does a frameshift mutation occur?

• Through duplication of a whole gene.

• Through insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame.

• By substituting one base for another without shifting the frame.

• By removing all mutations from a DNA sequence.

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Why are chromosomal mutations more impactful than genetic mutations?

• They can be easily repaired by enzymes.

• They are less common and thus more studied.

• They only affect single nucleotide bases.

• They can change or delete large sections of chromosomes.

What is nondisjunction?

• The normal separation of chromosomes.

• The linking of two chromosomes end-to-end.

• The duplication of entire chromosomes.

• The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.

How can genetic engineering benefit medical science?

• By increasing genetic mutations in humans.

• By studying the effects of diseases without treatments.

• By removing all genes from an organism.

• By altering genes to produce necessary proteins like insulin.

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What is the societal concern related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

• They reduce the need for agricultural land.

• Potential health impacts and ecological effects.

• They can increase human lifespan dramatically.

• They can cure all known diseases.

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