Standard States

Energy can neither be created or destroyed.

• First Law of Thermodynamics

• Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Third Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy of the universe increases for any spontaneous process, and not all of the energy released by a spontaneous reaction is available to do work.

• First Law of Thermodynamics

• Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Third Law of Thermodynamics

Absolute zero

• 0 degrees Fahrenheit

• 0 degrees Celsius

• 0 Kelvin

A perfect crystalline solid has zero entropy at absolute zero.

• First Law of Thermodynamics

• Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Third Law of Thermodynamics

A spontaneous process has:

(choose all that apply)

• +ΔS_univ

• -ΔS_univ

• +ΔG_rxn

• -ΔG_rxn

Entropy of the system increases (+ΔS_sys) when:

(Choose all that apply)

• Volume increases

• Temperature increases

• Phase transitions from solid to liquid, liquid to gas, or solid to gas

• A solid is dissolved into solution

• The number of moles of products is greater than the number of moles of reactants

Removes heat from the surroundings

• Endothermic process

• Exothermic process

Adds heat to the surroundings

• Endothermic process

• Exothermic process

What effect does enthalpy have on entropy?

(Select all correct answers, read carefully)

• Endothermic (+ΔH) processes decrease ΔS_surr

• Exothermic (-ΔH) processes decrease ΔS_surr

• Endothermic (+ΔH) processes increase ΔS_sys

• Exothermic (-ΔH) processes increase ΔS_surr

What are the standard state conditions?

(Select all that apply)

• 1 atm

• 25 degrees Celsius

• 1 M

• K=1