Speech act theory by John Austin and John R. Searle

I now pronounce you man/husband and wife.

• Performative

• Constative

I sentence you to ten years in prison.

• performative

• constative

The children are chasing squirrels in the park.

• performative

• constative

I promise to come to your talk tomorrow afternoon.

• performative

• constative

Maurice Garin won the first Tour de France in 1903

• performative

• constative

I apologize for being late.

• performative

• constative

Francis Crick and Jim Watson discovered the double helix structure of DNA.

• Representatives

• Directives

• Commissives

• Expressives

• Declarations

Well done, Elizabeth! I’m so happy!

• Representatives

• Directives

• Commissives

• Expressives

• Declarations

I’ll never buy you another computer game.

• Representatives

• Directives

• Commissives

• Expressives

• Declarations

President: I declare a state of national emergency. b. Chairman: The meeting is adjourned

• Representatives

• Directives

• Commissives

• Expressives

• Declarations