Dev: Chapter 9

A hierarchy within a social group or community, in which those members at the top assume positions of leadership, authority, and power.

• Pecking order

• Youth

• Student Organization

• Peers

 These help to make some youth smarter, more sociable, more attractive, and more skilled athletically. Consequently, such youth are more likely to have greater self-worth because they are competent in so many domains.

• Genes

• Skill

• Talent

• Training

• Adolescents distinguish self-worth in many different social relationships.

• True

• False

• When adults use this approach, children with low self-esteem tend to shy away from challenges because they’re afraid they won’t succeed.

• Operant Conditioning

• Dominant communication

• Assertive Communication

• Inflated Praise

• Children with high self-esteem generally have parents who have REASONABLE EXPECTATIONS for their children and are willing to discuss rules and discipline with their children.

• True

• False

• Children’s and particularly adolescents’ self-worth is lesser when they believe that their peers think highly of them.

• True

• False, greater

• Conversely, self-esteem drops when peers provide negative feedback, especially when those peers are popular themselves.

• True

• False, heightens

Around the world, children have lesser self-esteem when families live in harmony and parents nurture their children

• True

• False, greater

• At about age 18, adolescents extend the activities associated with crystallization and enter a new phase. During this phase, individuals further limit their career possibilities  by learning more about specific lines of work and starting to obtain the training required for a specific job.

• Specification

• Implementation

• Crystallization

• The end of the teenage years or the early 20s marks the beginning of the third phase.  During this phase, individuals enter the workforce and learn firsthand about jobs.  This is a time of learning about responsibility and productivity, of learning to get along with coworkers, and of altering lifestyle to accommodate work. This period is often unstable; individuals may change jobs frequently as they adjust to the reality of life in the workplace.

• Specification

• Crystallization

• Implementation