MGMT Study Guide for Final Exam

​ A(n) ​ (a)   is a designated work group defined by an organization's structure. You are required to work with the people in the organization.

A(n) ​ (b)   is a group not defined by an organization's structure; such a group appears in response to other needs. You decide who you want to spend your time with after work hours.

• formal group
• informal group

Explain the parts of social identity theory.

• Uncertainty reduction

• Rank or standing of someone or something.

• Social identity theory

• The perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups. Some people join groups because they have similar values or are distinct.

• Status

• Different from other groups.

• Distinctiveness

• Who we are and our unique identity.

• Similarity

• Values and beliefs.

A set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inactivity and activity.

• Reference groups

• Punctuated-equilibrium model

• Status characteristics theory

• Group cohesiveness

Group Property 1: Roles

• Role expectations

• A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations. Having different roles that compete with one another.

• Role conflict

• A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.

• Role perception

• How others believe a person should act in a given situation. Expectations based on the nature or type of job they may have.

• Role

• An individual's view of how to act in a given situation. What a person thinks they are expected to do based on a task they are given.

​ (a)   is a situation in which the expectations of an individual's different, separate groups are in opposition. The conflict between one particular role that you play.

​ (b)   is the conflict within one particular role that you play (e.g. a parent who has a play to attend for their child and who is also an employee who has a presentation to conduct).

• Interrole conflict
• Intra-role conflict

Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group's members (acceptable/ unacceptable behaviors).

• Norms

• Conformity

• Social loafing

• Status

Group Property 2: Types of Norms

• Appearance norms

• Friendships; the group regulates interaction between its members.

• Conformity

• Money, job, or equipment; any resource needed within an organization.

• Social arrangement norms

• The adjustment of one's behavior to align with the norms of the group.

• Resource allocation norms

• Based on how one dresses.

• Performance norms

• Lack of quality; a group paper done by 6 students and the paper does not flow due to the different writing styles.

The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. Piggybacking off of other's ideas and not contributing.

• Norms

• Social loafing

• Conformity

• Status

​ (a)   is the shared bond driving group members to work together and stay in the group.

​ (b)   is getting along with your group members; members that are attracted to the group and its goals.

• Cohesion
• Group cohesiveness

Group vs Individual decision-making

• Brainstorming

• Thinking like the group based on conformity from the group. Avoiding being outcasted due to a difference in opinion. (e.g. 5 for A / 1 for B)

• Groupshift (polarization)

• The tendency to shift our opinions to a more extreme position; tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.

• Nominal group technique

• An idea generation process that specifically encourages any criticism of those alternatives.

• Groupthink

• A group decision-making method in which members meet to pool their judgements in a systematic but independent fashion.

• Interacting groups

• Typical groups in which members interact with each other, relying on both verbal and nonverbal communication.