Deviance and Crime(6)

What is the term for a powerful and negative social label that, when incorporated into a person's identity or self-concept, can become his or her "master status"?

• negative label

• degradation ceremony

• normative debasement

• stigma

_______ is said to occur when people "make something" of another's behavior, causing a person to accept the label of deviant and engage in additional deviance as a result.

• Deviance "as a way of life"

• Primary deviance

• Secondary deviance

• Cultural deviance

According to Robert Merton's Strain Theory of deviance, the term _______ describes the behavior of a radical activist who rejects just about everything in the existing society in favor of some alternative system.

• innovation

• ritualism

• retreatism

• rebellion

According to Robert Merton's Strain Theory of deviance, the term _______ describes the behavior of a person who desires all the usual benefits and rewards of society but pursues criminal activity to secure them.

• innovation

• ritualism

• retreatism

• rebellion

According to Robert Merton's Strain Theory of deviance, which type of behavior characterizes a low-paid, compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong?

• Innovation

• Ritualism

• Retreatism

• Rebellion

The idea that deviance and conformity result not from what people do, but from how others respond to their actions, is the basic insight of:

• Structural-differentiation Theory

• Strain Theory

• Labeling Theory

• Linkage Theory

The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of:

• interpreting someone's past consistent with present deviance.

• defining someone as deviant for things done long before.

• criminal adults encouraging children to become deviant.

• predicting someone's future based on past deviant acts.

The idea of _______ involves using a stigmatized person's deviant identity to predict his or her future actions.

• retrospective labeling

• stigmatization

• prospective labeling

• ad hoc labeling

Whether people respond to deviance as a moral issue or a medical matter affects:

• whether a person is labeled retrospectively or prospectively.

• whether the person is subject to punishment or treatment.

• whether the person's deviance is labeled as primary or secondary.

• whether or not the person receives appropriate care.

A person speaks for the social-conflict approach when he or she states that:

• deviance has both functions and dysfunctions.

• deviance exists only in the eye of the beholder.

• society should ignore victimless crimes.

• powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant