Genetics and Heredity Review

What is the process occurring in the nucleus of the cell seen in the diagram?

• termination, the release of a completed polypeptide chain

• elongation, the binding of amino acids with a peptide bond

• translation, the production of proteins from messenger RNA

• transcription, the decoding of DNA into a messenger RNA molecule

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In which part of a cell does the process of translation occur?

• Nucleus

• Cytoplasm

• Mitochondrion

• Golgi apparatus

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Which TWO DNA codons code for aspartic acid?

• CAG

• CTA

• CTG

• GAC

• GAU

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Which process is best explained by the diagram?

• the transfer of DNA between alleles, allowing for new phenotypes

• the exchange of genetic material, resulting in genetic variation

• the replication of sister chromatids during meiosis, preventing mutations

• the separation of alleles during gamete formation, resulting in identical offspring

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This diagram represents part of the process of translation. One tRNA molecule has transported the amino acid methionine (met) to the mRNA. Another tRNA molecule has transported the amino acid tryptophan (trp) to the mRNA. Which step is next during translation?

• The tRNA will attach to nucleotides in the cytoplasm.

• A peptide bond will form between the two amino acids.

• The mRNA carrying the amino acids will drop off the ribosome.

• The amino acids will be carried to the Golgi apparatus for packaging.

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Central dogma includes the following: The DNA codes for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) during transcription. In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is processed and migrates from the ______ to the ______ where this information is translated and used for protein synthesis. Fill in the blanks within the text.

• nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome

• nucleus, ribosome, Golgi complex

• DNA, RNA, ribosome

• ribosome, ER, Golgi complex

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This process shown results in

• the division of the cell.

• an increase in genetic variation

• the reduction in the number of alleles.

• an increase in the number of chromosomes.

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A mutation caused a phenotypic change in an organism's offspring. The mutation most likely occurred in which type of cell from the parent?

• blood cell

• Gamete

• Neuron

• skin cell

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A male and female have a child that has three copies of chromosome 18. Although both parents are unaffected, their doctor claims that the disorder associated with having an extra chromosome 18 is the result of a chromosomal mutation in cells that carry inherited material. Which argument supports this claim?

• A mutation occurred when crossing over caused chromosome 18 to be replicated twice during meiosis, allowing one parent to donate two copies of chromosome 18 to the child.

• A nondisjunction mutation was caused by the improper separation of the genetic material during meiosis, allowing the gamete of one parent to donate two copies of chromosome 18 to the child.

• A substitution mutation during replication allowed the genetic material of chromosome 18 to replace the genetic material of a nearby chromosome, causing the child to have three copies of chromosome 18.

• An insertion mutation during replication allowed the genetic material of chromosome 18 to be inserted into the genetic material of another chromosome, causing three copies of chromosome 18 to be made.

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How would crossing over affect the distribution of the four alleles: A, B, a, and b?

• Crossing over would always keep A and B together on the same chromosome, and always keep a and b together on the same chromosome.

• Crossing over would always put A and B on different chromosomes, and always put a and b on different chromosomes.

• Crossing over would sometimes, but not always, exchange the positions of A and a, and of B and b, on homologous chromosomes.

• Crossing over would sometimes, but not always, delete one or more of the four alleles from both homologous chromosomes.

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