Spartan Reforms- Buckley pp72-76

What was the catalyst for the reform of the Spartan state?

• The end of the Second Messenian War

• The political reform embodied in the Great Rhetra

• The need to maintain military superiority over the Messenian Helots

• The alteration of the social system to create a full-time army

What was the 'Lycurgan' solution to maintain military superiority?

• Economic and social reforms

• Political reforms

• Religious reforms

• Cultural reforms

According to the traditional school of thought, how were the plots of land in Messenia divided?

• Roughly equal plots called 'cleroi'

• Based on the size of each citizen's family

• Randomly assigned plots

• No division of land occurred

What was the role of the state-owned Helots in the land system?

• To farm the land and pay rent to the Spartan citizens

• To serve as soldiers in the Spartan army

• To govern the conquered population of Messenia

• To provide financial support to the Spartan state

When did the rules of inheritance for the plots of land change?

• At the beginning of the fourth century

• After the end of the Second Messenian War

• During the reign of King Agis IV

• When Epitadeus became ephor

According to Plutarch, what led to the crisis of Sparta in the early fourth century?

• The accumulation of wealth and land within a few hands

• The influx of vast amounts of gold and silver

• The desire for wealth and corruption

• The defeat of Athens

What is one of the arguments against the existence of Epitadeus and his law?

• The late sources and unreliability of Plutarch

• The contradiction and impracticability of the two systems of land tenure

• The lack of complex bureaucracy in Sparta

• The absence of equal redistribution of cleroi by Lycurgus

Which ancient sources do not mention an equal redistribution of cleroi by Lycurgus?

• Herodotus and Xenophon

• Plutarch and Aristotle

• Xenophon and Aristotle

• Herodotus and Plutarch

What does the modern school believe about land ownership and inheritance in ancient Sparta?

• Land was privately owned and inherited through usual rules

• Land was state-owned and assigned by Spartan authorities

• Land was equally distributed by Lycurgus

• Land was primarily inherited by daughters

According to Aristotle, what did Lycurgus' legislation concerning property ownership in Sparta lack?

• Inequality

• Dishonor in buying or selling land

• Inheritance rules

• Dowry for daughters