Plants Defend Against Pathogens

The induction of plant defense gene is initiated when specific receptors recognize either the presence of________or pest or the damage incurred by them or the existence of volatiles, emitted as plant-plant cues.

The first line of defense in plants is an intact and impenetrable barrier composed of ____ and waxy cuticle.

Other adaptations against herbivores include hardshells, thorns and ______.

If the first line of defense is breached, the plant must resort to a different set of mechanisms, such as toxins and _______.

Many metabolites are toxic and can even be ______ to animals that ingest them.

The induced defense is facilitated through defensive enzymes such as___________

• Catalase

• Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)

• Peroxidases

• All the above

Various _________________ also act as signal molecules and intermediates for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against pathogens in plants.

There are four types of induced structural defenses:

I. Cork layers formation

II. Formation of abscission layers

III. Formation of tyloses
IV. Deposition of gums

• I, II and III

• I, II and IV

• II, III and IV

• All of above

Cell walls thicken in response to the pathogen by producing a ______ material.

A __________ is an antibody or proteins produced by genetically modified crops.