Metabolism in Brain and Neurotransmitters

This metabolite easily crosses blood brain barrier but is not used for cerebral energy metabolism due to its inadequate supply in the circulation.

• Lactate

• Mannose

• Glucose

• Ketone body

1.    Increased supply of this metabolite by astrocytes reduces stroke-induced neurodegeneration.

• Mannose

• Glucose

• Lactate

• Pyruvate

In hyperammonaemia, the reaction catalysed by this enzyme is essential for trapping toxic ammonia in the brain and transporting it to liver in its non-toxic form.

• Gamma amino butyric acid oxidase

• Glutaminase

• Glutamate decarboxylase

• Glutamine synthetase

This metabolite from astrocytes is essential for learning and memory consolidation that reduces neuronal cell death in cerebral ischaemia.

• Galactose

• Fatty acid

• Mannose

• Lactate

In cerebral tissue, the concentration of ammonia is low when there is adequate supply of this metabolite. 

• Alpha ketoglutarate

• Lactate

• Oxaloacetate

• Pyruvate

During prolonged starvation, the brain cells use this metabolite as an energy source.

• Lactate

• Ketone body

• Glucose

• Mannose

Carbohydrate rich diet induces sleep due to the production of this amine neurotransmitter. 

• Glutamate

• GABA

• Serotonin

• Dopamine

This inhibitory neurotransmitter present in the spinal cord is involved in voluntary motor control and sensory processing.

• GABA

• Glutamate

• Dopamine

• Glycine

Deficiency of this neurotransmitter leads to Parkinson disease and is not used as a treatment regimen due to its inability to cross the blood brain barrier.

• Dopamine

• Glycine

• Acetylcholine

• Glutamate

Neurotoxin from black widow spider venom stimulates the release of this neurotransmitter

• Acetylcholine

• Glutamate

• GABA

• Dopamine