AP Bio: Unit 4 (CED)

Phosphorylation cascades are often used for

• reception

• responses

• amplification

• termination

This type of cell signaling will only be effective...

• over long distances (endocrine)

• when cells are in direct contact (juxtacrine)

• when responding to its own ligands (autocrine)

• if cells are nearby (paracrine)

Which of these is an accurate response to increased glucose levels in the blood?

• Alpha cells release glucagon from the pancreas

• Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose

• Blood glucose levels rise back to homeostatic levels

• Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin

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Which of these shows the cell cycle phases in their correct order AND correctly paired with their functions?

• G1-growth, M-division, G2-DNA checkpoints, S-DNA replication

• G1-growth, S-DNA replication, G2-prepare to divide, M-division

• M-division, G1-growth, S-DNA replication, G2-prepare to divide

• S-Interphase, G2-growth, M-division, G1-DNA replication

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In what phase of mitosis is this cell?

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

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Which of these graphs represents the amount of DNA present in a normal cell throughout the cell cycle?

• A

• B

• C

• D

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Which of the following is NOT a result of a cell unable to perform apoptosis?

• Increased health and fitness due to the removal of the cellular death process

• Continued growth of cancerous cells

• Potential for additional, unnecessary tissues

• Proliferation of cells infected with a virus in spite of immune response

If ATP were unavailable, what would be the effect on this pathway?

• Protein kinase A would not be produced

• GDP would not bind to the transmembrane protein

• The hormone would not bind to the transmembrane protein

• The secondary messenger would not be produced

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Vertebrate immune responses involve communication over short and long distances. Which of the following statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as MHC proteins and T cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances?

• The proteins receive electrical signals from nerve cells.

• The proteins leave the cell and travel in the bloodstream to other cells.

• The proteins interact directly with proteins on the surfaces of other cells.

• The proteins bind to molecules secreted by cells located in other parts of the body.

The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway?

• It involves the opening and closing of ion channels.

• It involves enzymes activating other enzymes.

• It involves changes in the expression of target genes.

• It involves protons moving down a concentration gradient.

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