PRINCIPLE OF GENETIC MANIPULATION

What is molecular biology?

• The branch of biology that studies the molecular basis of chemical activity.

• The branch of biology that studies the molecular basis of physical activity.

• The branch of physics that studies the molecular basis of biological activity.

• The branch of biology that studies the molecular basis of biological activity.

Proteins are made up of which of the following?

• Nucleic acids

• Amino acids

• Nuclease

• None of the mentioned

Which of the following is RNA made up of?

• Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil

• Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

• Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, and Thymine

• Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Thymine

Answer explanation

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a linear molecule made up of four different ribonucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U).

The structure formed by joining the amino acids by a peptide bond is called the ________ structure of a protein.

• Quaternary

• Tertiary

• Secondary

• Primary

Answer explanation

When amino acids are just linked together by a peptide bond to form a long linear chain of a polypeptide, it is called the primary structure of proteins. Secondary, tertiary, and Quaternary structure are all higher levels of organization and require non-covalent interactions.

Which of the following interactions is crucial for the primary structure of proteins?

• Peptide bond

• Di-sulfide bond

• Vander Waals interactions

• Hydrogen bond

Answer explanation

Protein’s primary structure is made of amino acids linked together by a peptide bond. Thus, the peptide bond is crucial for the primary structure of proteins. Hydrogen bond, disulfide bond, Vander Waals interactions are all required in a higher level of organization.

Which stage of this protein structure?

• Primary structure

• Secondary structure

• Tertiary structure

• Quaternary structure

What is the nature of an enzyme?

• Carbohydrate

• Protein

• Vitamin

• Lipid

Answer explanation

All enzymes are protein except Catalytic RNA molecule. The native protein conformation of an enzyme defines its catalytic activity. Once the enzyme is denatured, its catalytic activity is also lost.

RNA found in the _____ of cells

• Ribosomes

• Nucleus

• Mitochondria

• Cell membrane

Which are the active sites?

• A

• B

• C

Enzyme increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

Activation energy is the difference in free energy between the reactants and transition state. To complete a reaction, enzyme lowers the activation energy and crosses the transition state.