Chp. 22 Test

Before 1500 scholars generally decided what was true or false by referring to an ancient Greek or Roman author or to the ​ (a)   .  Few Europeans challenged the scientific ideas of ​ (b)   thinkers or the ​ (c)   . 

• bible
• ancient
• church

During the middle ages, scholars believed that the ___________ was an immovable object located in the center of the universe.

In the 4th century B.C. the Greek philosopher ​ (a)   came up with this earth centered view was called ​ (b)   theory.  Even Christianity taught that ​God had placed the earth at the center of the Universe. Years after Aristotle, A Polish astronomer named ​ (c)   studied the planetary movements for 25 years and came up with a theory that the ​ (d)   was the center of the universe….this is called the ​ (e)   theory. 

• Aristotle
• geocentric
• Nicolaus Capernicus
• sun
• heliocentric

In the mid 1500’s there were not many European scholars that would publish works that challenged the ideas of ancient thinkers and the _____________. 

One of the earliest challenges to accepted scientific thinking came in the field of ___________.

• astronomy

• astrology

• chemistry

• religion

Kepler concluded that there were ​ (a)   laws that governed ​ (b)   motion.  These laws proved that planets revolve around the ​ (c)   in elliptical orbits and not in circles.  

• mathematical
• planetary
• sun

The Italian scientist ________ _______ built on the new theories of astronomy.  In 1609 he built a telescope to study the heavens.

Galileo’s findings frightened both the Catholic and Prostant leaders…they told Galileo not to defend the ideas of Copernicus.  Galileo published a book anyway, the ____________ summoned Galileo to Rome to stand trial. 

• King

• Pharoah

• Emperor

• Pope

The revolution of scientific thinking that Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo began developed into a new approach to science called the ________ ____________.  

The scientific method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.  It starts with a problem or ​ (a)   , then a ​ (b)   , then you ​ (c)   the hypothesis, and finally ​ (d)   or interpret the data.

• question
• hypothesis
• test
• analyze