Rules for English consonant allophones

Initial voiceless stops /p,t,k/ are aspirated

(âm tiết/từ)

• [ɦ] sau trên

• [ʔ]

Voiceless stops are unaspirated after /s/ at the

beginning of a syllable

/s/ + /p,t,k/

(âm)

•  [h]

• [ ͦ] sau trên

Stops are unexploded when they occur before

another stop

/p,t,k,p,b,d,g/ + /p,t,k,p,b,d,g/

(âm tiết/từ)

• [o] sau trên

• [ɫ]

Approximants and the lateralare devoiced

when they occur after initial /p, k, t/

/p,k,t/ +/r,w,j,l/

• [o] sau dưới

• [ɫ]

Voiceless stops become glottal stop [ʔ] plus voiceless

stops when they are syllable final and after a vowel

vowel + /p,t,k/

• [ɦ]

• [ʔ]trước giữa?

Voiced obstruents (stops and fricatives) are devoiced when they occur at the end of an utterance/before a voiceless sound [o]

/b, d, g, v, ʒ, z/

• [o] sau dưới

• [ɦ]

Voiced stops and affricate /b, d, g, ʤ/ are voiceless

when syllable initial, except when immediately

preceded by a voiced sound

• [o] sau dưới

• [ɦ]

/n/ becomes syllabic at the end of a word when

immediately after obstruents /b,d,g,v,ʒ,z/

(not after /m, n, tʃ, ʃ/)

• x

• [n]

The lateral /l/ becomes syllabic at the end of a word

when immediately after a consonant

(not after /dʒ and tʃ/)

• [l]

• x

The lateral /l/ is velarized when after a vowel/before a

consonant at the end of a word

• [ʔ]

• [ ɫ ] thay thế