Research Methods - Up to types of data

What is the name of a variable that is under study (that is not the independent variable), yet varies systematically with the independent variable?

• Confounding variable

• Extraneous Variable

• Control Variable

A directional hypothesis only predicts that there is a difference between two conditions or groups of participants.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

A directional hypothesis also states the direction of the predicted difference.

What is a method that a researcher could use to deal with the limitations of repeated methods design?

• Counterbalancing

• Random allocation of participants

• Conduct a pilot study

Answer explanation

The order of the conditions may affect performance (order effect) in repeated methods design, which can be dealt with through counterbalancing (each condition is tested first or second in equal amounts)

Why would a researcher consider to conduct a natural experiment?

• To investigate causal relationships between an IV and DV under controlled conditions

• To investigate causal relationships between an IV and DV in more natural surroundings

• To investigate relationships between an IV and DV in situations where IV is a characteristic of a person

• To investigate relationships between an IV and DV in situations where IV cannot be directly manipulated

What is inter-observer reliability?

• The extent to which an observee is aware that they are observed.

• The relationship between the observer and participant which may affect research results.

• The extent to which there is agreement between two or more observers in what they have seen in observations of behaviour.

• The extent to which the results are reproducible in an observatory experiment.

What is the difference between categorical and nominal data?

• Nominal data is data that is represented in the form of categories whilst categorical is numerical.

• Nominal data is data that is numerical, whilst categorical is data that is represented in the form of categories.

• Categorical data is a numeric scale of equal, precisely defined units, whilst Nominal data is a numerical scale.

• Nothing, they are the synonymous

Answer explanation

Nominal data is sometimes referred to as categorical data

What are two types of sampling in an unstructured observation?

• Time sampling and Contextual sampling

• Event sampling and Time sampling

• Event sampling and Contextual sampling

What are some things to include/consider when writing a good questionnaire?

• Considering the sequence of questions.

• Adding filler questions

• Be clear to the participant as to what you're asking

• All of these options